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According to the simple view of writing (Berninger, Abbott, Abbott, Graham, & Richards, 2002), the two important components of transcription in writing are handwriting and keyboarding, the third one being spelling. The purpose of this paper is to review the contribution of two writing modes—handwriting and keyboarding to writing performance. In the first section, the contribution of handwriting fluency to writing performance was explored through moderator analyses. We found that handwriting fluency contributes to writing significantly and consistently, and significantly contributes to specific writing measures (e.g., writing quality, writing fluency, substantive quality). We then explored the relationship between handwriting and keyboarding, and compared their contributions to writing. Results indicated that performance on fluency of handwriting and keyboarding were significantly related, particularly on speed. Writing qualities under each mode were relatively competitive; however, keyboarding allows for faster writing. The findings from the two sections emphasized the importance of handwriting on writing development even though keyboarding is accessible.

Research is failing to consistently report theoretical frameworks, increasing the gap between research and practice, and increasing the difficulty teachers face in effectively matching interventions with student needs. However, this lack of theoretical understanding has not been well documented in the current literature. The purpose of this systematic review is to determine the literacy theories used in published articles within the Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy (JAAL). JAAL is a peer-reviewed literacy journal that focuses on providing research-based practices for teachers. The present study includes an overview of published theories of reading and writing and the results of coding for these theories within a sample of ninety-four published intervention articles. Through this review, we have uncovered several areas for future research: (1) clarification of the differences between sociocultural and sociocognitive theories, (2) an increased emphasis on the mutual impact of reading and writing, and (3) a need to diversify theories used for reading and writing instruction.

Teacher self-efficacy is critical because it predicts teachers’ future behavior and impacts teacher turnover. Most teachers begin their career with moderate to high self-efficacy for teaching, but often experience a sharp decline during the first year of teaching. After the first year, their self-efficacy begins to increase but rarely rises to the level it was prior to beginning teaching. Therefore, examining first-year teachers’ self-efficacy is extremely important. Previous research generally depicts teachers as a homogeneous group, relying on variablecentered approaches and including self-efficacy as a scaling score, which may not be applicable at the individual level. Simply extending findings from the variable-centered analyses is insufficient. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to examine the heterogeneous profiles of first-year teachers’ self-efficacy from the 2011–2012 Schools and Staffing Survey and to investigate how self-efficacy profiles are related to teacher training at the individual level. Using latent class analyses, we found three statistically distinctive classes within self-efficacy: high, moderate, and low. Regardless of teaching assignments, teachers who completed reading content courses during preparation programs and received discipline-specific mentoring during their first year dominated a higher level of self-efficacy. We conclude that these two factors are essential to preparing and retaining high-quality teachers.

Providing high-quality education to students is always the ultimate goal of public schools in the United States. However, the high ratio of teacher turnover has always been the barrier that impedes the achievement of that goal. The turnover ratio is particularly high among beginning teachers due to the unique characteristics of this population. For instance, beginning teachers’ self-efficacy usually sharply declines during the first year of teaching. Therefore, research on this population could be critical, as the success of beginning teachers is important. Using the 2011-2012 Schools and Staffing Survey, the dissertation included three studies to investigate beginning teachers’ training profiles and the relationships among teacher training, self-efficacy, job satisfaction, and turnover motivation. The three studies relied on latent mixture modeling, which enabled the examination to be conducted at the individual levels. Results suggested that beginning teachers’ preservice training profiles were differentiated by the undergraduate majors and the completion of teacher education. Meanwhile, their in-service training profiles were featured by several types of developmental activities, especially common planning time. The association between preservice and in-service training was not statistically significant. Beginning teachers’ training profiles predicted the classification of their teacher self-efficacy profiles, which included three distinctive classes. In addition, teachers from urban schools were more likely to have low-level self-efficacy. Finally, beginning teachers’ self-efficacy profiles were significantly related to their job satisfaction and turnover motivation. At the individual level, beginning teachers who were better supported by teacher training and worked in urban settings were more likely to be associated with high-level self-efficacy, high-level job satisfaction, and low-level turnover motivation.

Li- and Mn-rich (LMR) cathode materials that utilize both cation and anion redox can yield substantial increases in battery energy density 1 – 3 . However, although voltage decay issues cause continuous energy loss and impede commercialization, the prerequisite driving force for this phenomenon remains a mystery 3 – 6 Here, with in situ nanoscale sensitive coherent X-ray diffraction imaging techniques, we reveal that nanostrain and lattice displacement accumulate continuously during operation of the cell. Evidence shows that this effect is the driving force for both structure degradation and oxygen loss, which trigger the well-known rapid voltage decay in LMR cathodes. By carrying out micro- to macro-length characterizations that span atomic structure, the primary particle, multiparticle and electrode levels, we demonstrate that the heterogeneous nature of LMR cathodes inevitably causes pernicious phase displacement/strain, which cannot be eliminated by conventional doping or coating methods. We therefore propose mesostructural design as a strategy to mitigate lattice displacement and inhomogeneous electrochemical/structural evolutions, thereby achieving stable voltage and capacity profiles. These findings highlight the significance of lattice strain/displacement in causing voltage decay and will inspire a wave of efforts to unlock the potential of the broad-scale commercialization of LMR cathode materials. Diffractive imaging of an important class of battery electrodes during cycling shows that lattice strain is a crucial yet overlooked factor that contributes to voltage fade over time.

Historically long accepted to be the singular root cause of capacity fading, transition metal dissolution has been reported to severely degrade the anode. However, its impact on the cathode behavior remains poorly understood. Here we show the correlation between capacity fading and phase/surface stability of an LiMn 2 O 4 cathode. It is revealed that a combination of structural transformation and transition metal dissolution dominates the cathode capacity fading. LiMn 2 O 4 exhibits irreversible phase transitions driven by manganese(III) disproportionation and Jahn-Teller distortion, which in conjunction with particle cracks results in serious manganese dissolution. Meanwhile, fast manganese dissolution in turn triggers irreversible structural evolution, and as such, forms a detrimental cycle constantly consuming active cathode components. Furthermore, lithium-rich LiMn 2 O 4 with lithium/manganese disorder and surface reconstruction could effectively suppress the irreversible phase transition and manganese dissolution. These findings close the loop of understanding capacity fading mechanisms and allow for development of longer life batteries. To unlock the potential of Mn-based cathode materials, the fast capacity fading process has to be first understood. Here the authors utilize advanced characterization techniques to look at a spinel LiMn 2 O 4 system, revealing that a combination of irreversible structural transformations and Mn dissolution takes responsibility.

To improve lithium-ion battery technology, it is essential to probe and comprehend the microscopic dynamic processes that occur in a real-world composite electrode under operating conditions. The primary and secondary particles are the structural building blocks of battery cathode electrodes. Their dynamic inconsistency has profound but not well-understood impacts. In this research, we combine operando coherent multi-crystal diffraction and optical microscopy to examine the chemical dynamics in local domains of layered oxide cathode. Our results not only pinpoint the asynchronicity of the lithium (de)intercalation at the sub-particle level, but also reveal sophisticated diffusion kinetics and reaction patterns, involving various localized processes, e.g., chemical onset, reaction front propagation, domains equilibration, particle deformation and motion. These observations shed new lights onto the activation and degradation mechanisms of state-of-the-art battery cathode materials. The battery performance at the cell level is an integration of contributions from many active particles. Here, the authors present a direct visualization of the active cathode particles that react heterogeneously and asynchronously by using coherent multi-crystal diffraction and optical microscopy.

To address traffic flow fluctuations caused by changes in traffic signal control schemes on tidal lanes and maintain smooth traffic operations, this paper proposes a method for controlling traffic signal transitions on tidal lanes. Firstly, the proposed method includes designing an intersection overlap phase scheme based on the traffic flow conflict matrix in the tidal lane scenario and a fast and smooth transition method for key intersections based on the flow ratio. The aim of the control is to equalize average queue lengths and minimize average vehicle delays for different flow directions at the intersection. This study also analyses various tidal lane scenarios based on the different opening states of the tidal lanes at related intersections. The transitions of phase offsets are emphasized after a comprehensive analysis of transition time and smoothing characteristics. In addition, this paper proposes a coordinated method for tidal lanes to optimize the phase offset at arterial intersections for smooth and rapid transitions. The method uses Deep Q-Learning, a reinforcement learning algorithm for optimal action selection (OSA), to develop an adaptive traffic signal transition control and enhance its efficiency. Finally, a simulation experiment using a traffic control interface is presented to validate the proposed approach. This study shows that this method leads to smoother and faster traffic signal transitions across different tidal lane scenarios compared to the conventional method. Implementing this solution can benefit intersection groups by reducing traffic delays, improving traffic efficiency, and decreasing air pollution caused by congestion.

Microvascular compression of the trigeminal root entry zone (TREZ) is the main cause of most primary trigeminal neuralgia (TN), change of glial plasticity was previously studied in the TREZ of TN rat model induced by chronic compression. To better understand the role of astrocytes and immune cells in the TREZ, different cell markers including glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), complement C3, S100A10, CD45, CD11b, glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST), Iba-1 and TMEM119 were used in the TN rat model by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. On the post operation day 28, GFAP/C3-positive A1 astrocytes and GFAP/S100A10-positive A2 astrocytes were activated in the TREZ after compression injury, there were no statistical differences in the ratios of A1/A2 astrocytes between the sham and TN groups. There was no significant difference in Iba-1-positive cells between the two groups. The ratios of infiltrating lymphocytes (CD45+CD11b−) (p = 0.0075) and infiltrating macrophages (CD45highCD11b+) (p = 0.0388) were significantly higher than those of the sham group. In conclusion, different subtypes A1/A2 astrocytes in the TREZ were activated after compression injury, infiltrating macrophages and lymphocytes increased, these neuroimmune cells in the TREZ may participate in the pathogenesis of TN rat model.

The receiver delay has a significant impact on global navigation satellite system (GNSS) time measurement. This article comprehensively analyzes the difficulty, composition, principle, and calculation of GNSS receiver delay. A universal method, based on clock-steering characterization, is proposed to absolutely calibrate all types of receivers. We use a hardware simulator to design several experiments to test the performance of GNSS receiver delay for different receiver types, radio frequency (RF) signals, operation status and time-to-phase (TtP). At first, through the receivers of Novatel and Septentrio, the channel delay of Septentrio is 2 ns far lower than 65 ns for Novatel, and for the inter-frequency bias of GLONASS L1, Septentrio tends to increase within 10 ns compared with decreasing of Novatel within 5 ns. Secondly, a representative receiver of UniNav-BDS (BeiDou) is chosen to test the influence of Ttp which may be ignored by users. Under continuous operation, the receiver delay shows a monotone reduction of 10 ns as TtP increased by 10 ns. However, under on-off operation, the receiver delay represents periodic variation. Through a zero-baseline comparison, we verifies the relation between receiver delay and TtP. At last, the article analyzes instrument errors and measurement errors in the experiment, and the combined uncertainty of absolute calibration is calculated with 1.36 ns.