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Insects could be potential nutritional sources both for humans and animals. Among these, Hermetia illucens , with good amount of chitin and proteins, represents a suitable diet replacement for laying hens. Little is known about insect diet effects on the microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract and bacterial metabolites production. In this study we investigated the effect of H . illucens larvae meal administration on cecal microbiota and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production in laying hens. 16S rDNA sequencing showed strong differences between cecal microbiota of soybean (SD) and insect diet (ID) groups both in type and relative abundance (unweighted and weighted beta diversity) of microbial species. In particular, Bacteroides plebeius , Elusimicrobium minutum , Alkaliphilus transvaalensis , Christensenella minuta , Vallitalea guaymasensis and Flavonifractor plautii represented the principal contributors of changes in gut microbiota composition of ID group (FDR p-values < 0.05). Of these, F . plautii , C . minuta and A . transvaalensis have the potential to degrade the chitin’s insect meal and correlated with the observed high levels of gut SCFAs produced in ID group. These microorganisms may thus connect the chitin degradation with high SCFAs production. Our results suggest H . illucens as a potential prebiotic by well feeding gut microbiota.

Background Wild game meat has over the years gained popularity across the globe as it is considered a food source with high protein content, low fat content, and a balanced composition of fatty acids and minerals, which are requirements for a healthy diet. Despite this popularity, there is a concern over its safety as many species of wildlife are reservoirs of zoonotic diseases including those of bacterial origin, more so antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Methods This study aimed to describe the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in mammalian wild game, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results The overall pooled prevalence of antibiotic resistance was established at 59.8% while the prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) was 17.2%. Resistance was reported in 32 wild game species and the meta-analysis revealed the highest prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Yersinia spp. (95.5%; CI: 76.8 − 100%) followed by Enterococcus spp. (71%; CI: 44.1 − 92%), Salmonella spp. (69.9%; CI: 44.3 − 90.0%), Staphylococcus spp. (69.3%; CI: 40.3 − 92.3%), and Escherichia coli (39.5%; CI: 23.9 − 56.4%). Most notably, resistance to highest priority, critically important antimicrobials, was recorded in all genera of bacteria studied. Additionally, a significantly higher prevalence of antibiotic resistance was observed in studies conducted in remote settings than those in the vicinity of anthropogenic activities, pointing to extensive contamination of wild habitats. Conclusion This review shows the presence of antibiotic resistance and the carriage of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes by bacteria isolated from mammalian wild game species. This is a cause for concern if critical steps to prevent transmission to humans from meat and meat products are not applied in the wild game meat production chain. The extensive occurrence of antibiotic resistance in the wild calls for expansion and adaptation of future AMR surveillance plans to include areas with various anthropogenic pressures including in sylvatic habitats.

Background/Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in wildlife is an emerging public health concern due to the risk of zoonotic transmission, especially through the food chain, yet data on free-ranging animals remain scarce. This study examined the presence and patterns of AMR among bacteria isolated from hunted wild boars in the Campania region of Italy. Methods: Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was used to identify bacterial isolates from wild boar meat and carcass swabs to the species level, and the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion test was applied to screen 205 isolates, spanning 20 bacterial genera, against a panel of clinically relevant antibiotics. Resistance metrics were analyzed at genus and antibiotic levels, and patterns were visualized using a hierarchically clustered heatmap. Results: Resistance was detected in 15 of the 20 genera, with full susceptibility observed in Acinetobacter, Arthrobacter, Glutamicibacter, Leclercia, and Rahnella. Overall, 67.3% (138/205) of the isolates showed resistance to at least one antibiotic, with 33.7% (69/205) classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR). Carbapenems retained the highest activity (≥95% susceptibility) among all genera tested, while amoxicillin/clavulanate (78.4%) and aztreonam (57.4%) exhibited the highest mean resistance. Among potential pathogens, Escherichia coli exhibited an extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-like phenotype, with resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate (67%), aztreonam (54%), and ceftazidime (47%) but preserved carbapenem susceptibility. Staphylococcus spp. showed pronounced resistance to linezolid (57%) and erythromycin (52%), whereas Pseudomonas isolates demonstrated elevated resistance to aztreonam and ceftazidime (57% each). Opportunistic pathogens such as Alcaligenes faecalis and Pantoea agglomerans showed peak resistance to ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin/clavulanate. Pathogens and opportunistic pathogens demonstrated higher mean resistance (>30%) than commensals (≤32%), but the difference in mean and median resistance levels was not statistically significant (Mann–Whitney’s U test, W = 4, p = 0.39). Conclusions: These findings highlight the widespread occurrence of AMR and MDR phenotypes, with clinically significant resistance patterns in wild-boar-associated bacteria, including non-pathogenic strains, highlighting their role in the amplification of AMR. Although the preservation of carbapenem susceptibility underscores their potential as last-line antibiotics, the high resistance to commonly used antibiotics raises concerns for zoonotic transmission. Surveillance of wildlife reservoirs therefore remains critical for integrated AMR control.

Social Farming promotes mental and physical health, social inclusion, education and recreational services through agricultural and animal-related activities. The expansion of Social Farming draws attention to its potential health risks, although information on the role of animals and environments as reservoirs of pathogenic or resistant bacteria within Social Farming contexts is still limited. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the presence of potential zoonotic enterobacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp.) and their antibiotic-resistance profiles from animals and environmental samples within a Social Farming context in Naples. Samples were collected from 76 animals belonging to 5 species and from 16 environmental surfaces. Bacteriological investigations included isolation of Enterobacteriaceae, identification through MALDI-TOF, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. The most frequently isolated species were E. coli and Klebsiella spp., both from animal (73.7% and 44.7%, respectively) and environmental samples (56.3% and 43.8%, respectively). Notably, 96.9% of tested strains were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. These findings suggest that poultry, synanthropic birds and environmental surfaces within a Social Farming context might harbor potentially pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Thus, continuous monitoring, good hygiene, and proper management are required strategies to preserve the health of users, especially vulnerable populations such as children.

The epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a novel Betacoronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) became a public health emergency worldwide. Few reports indicate that owned pets from households with at least one human resident that was diagnosed with COVID-19 can be infected by SARS-CoV-2. However, the exposure to SARS-CoV-2 of pets from households with no COVID-19 cases or stray animals remains less assessed. Using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT 90 ), we investigated the infection and previous exposure of dogs and cats to SARS-CoV-2 during the ongoing COVID-19 epidemic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. From June to August 2020, 96 animals were sampled, including 49 cats (40 owned and 9 stray) and 47 dogs (42 owned and 5 stray). Regarding owned pets, 75.6% (62/82) belonged to households with no COVID-19 cases. Samples included serum, and rectal and oropharyngeal swabs. All swabs were negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, but serum samples of a stray cat and a stray dog presented neutralizing antibodies for SARS-CoV-2, with PRNT 90 titer of 80 and 40, respectively. Serological data presented here suggest that not only owned pets from households with COVID19 cases, but also stray animals are being exposed to SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic.

: In the present study, the changes in oxytocin (OXT) and serotonin (5-HT), as hormones involved in social relationships and mood regulation, respectively, were measured in dialysis patients involved in Animal Assisted Activity (AAA) interventions. : Thirty patients (15 men and 15 women) with chronic kidney disease, undergoing hemodialysis three times per week, for 4 h, were enrolled. The patients were divided into three groups: two experimental groups who received the AAA intervention and a control group that never received the AAA intervention. A specific dog-zootherapist vet pair was assigned for each experimental group. All sessions of the two experimental groups were performed weekly, for a total period of 3 months (12 sessions). Blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of each session (T and T ), lasting about one hour. The interaction time with the dog was approximately 40 min. The samples were then analyzed to measure the levels of oxytocin and serotonin and processed using analysis of variance with mixed effects models. : The results obtained showed that both dog-zootherapist vet dyads caused a statistically significant overall effect of both oxytocin and serotonin, increasing during the sessions, compared to the control group. In addition, it was observed progressively increasing effect between two consecutive weeks. : The results from this study showed that the AAA represents a positive stimulus for patients on dialysis. Thus, our study suggests that structured AAA intervention in a hemodialysis center can improve patients' quality of life during the dialysis cycle.

Wild birds may host and spread pathogens, integrating the epidemiology of infectious diseases. Particularly, Larus spp. have been described as responsible for the spread of many enteric diseases, primarily because of their large populations at landfill sites. The aim of this study was to examine the role of yellow-legged gulls as a source of enteropathogenic bacteria such as Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and Yersinia spp., with particular attention to antibiotic-resistant strains. Enteropathogenic bacteria were isolated from 93/225 yellow-legged gulls examined from April to July, during a four-year period (2016–2019). Specifically, Campylobacter spp. was isolated from 60/225 samples (26.7%), and identified as C. coli (36/60) and as C. jejuni (24/60). Salmonella spp. was isolated from 3/225 samples (1.3%), and identified as Salmonella arizonae. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli were isolated from 30/225 samples (13.3%) samples, and serotyped as E. coli O128 (12/30) O26 (9/30), O157 (6/30) and O11 (3/30); Yersinia spp. was never detected. Isolated strains exhibited multidrug resistance, including vitally important antibiotics for human medicine (i.e., fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines). Our study emphasizes the importance of yellow-legged gulls as potential reservoirs of pathogenic and resistant strains and their involvement in the dissemination of these bacteria across different environments, with resulting public health concerns.

Recently, animal-assisted interventions (AAIs), which are defined as psychological, educational, and rehabilitation support activities, have become widespread in different contexts. For many years, they have been a subject of interest in the international scientific community and are at the center of an important discussion regarding their effectiveness and the most appropriate practices for their realization. We carried out an umbrella review (UR) of systematic reviews (SRs), created for the purpose of exploring the literature and aimed at deepening the terminological and methodological aspects of AAIs. It is created by exploring the online databases PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library. The SRs present in the high-impact indexed search engines Web of Sciences and Scopus are selected. After screening, we selected 15 SRs that met the inclusion criteria. All papers complained of the poor quality of AAIs; some considered articles containing interventions that did not always correspond to the terminology they have explored and whose operating practices were not always comparable. This stresses the need for the development and consequent diffusion of not only operational protocols, but also research protocols which provide for the homogeneous use of universally recognized terminologies, thus facilitating the study, deepening, and comparison between the numerous experiences described.

Mycobacterium bovis and related members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) are the etiological agents of tuberculosis. Increasing attention has recently been paid to the role played by wild animals in the epidemiology of tuberculosis and particularly regarding the Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa). Thus, we performed a cross-sectional survey in wild boar in Campania region to assess the seroprevalence against Mycobacterium bovis or cross-reacting members of the MTBC. Fourty six out of 434 (10.6%; 95% CI 7.71–13.49%) sampled animals presented antibodies against M. bovis by MPB83-ELISA. Statistical analysis indicated that the seropositivity to MTBC was not associated with age, gender, or location of sampling. We also evaluated the correlation between the seropositivity in wild boar and the presence of tuberculosis outbreaks in livestock. Our results suggest that wild boar exposure to MTBC is probably related to the presence of tuberculosis in livestock. The average distance between a positive wild boar and the nearest tuberculosis outbreak in cattle was 7.38 km, lower than the expected mean. In conclusion, the seroprevalence observed in the present study indicates a moderate exposure to MTBC in wild boar in Campania region, which may have important implications not only for conservation but also for animal and public health.

Dogs are considered the most important species involved in animal-assisted therapy (AAT), and the scientific literature focuses on the benefits linked to the involvement of dogs in various therapeutic areas. In this study, we carried out a systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, exploring the scientific literature from the last 5 years (2016–2021) on three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) to highlight the characteristics of the dogs involved in AATs. Based on the scientific literature relevant to such dogs, we considered different parameters (i.e., number, age, sex, breed, temperament, methods of choice and training, health status, research goals, and activities with dogs) to include studies in our paper. After screening 4331 papers identified on the searched databases, we selected 38 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Analysis of the included articles showed that the characteristics of the dogs were neglected. Our findings indicated a lack of information about the dogs, as well as the absence of standardized and univocal criteria for dog selection, training programs, and health protocols.