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Adaptive immunity relies on specialized effector functions elicited by lymphocytes, yet how antigen recognition activates appropriate effector responses through nonspecific signaling intermediates is unclear. Here we examined the role of chromatin priming in specifying the functional outputs of effector T cells and found that most of the cis -regulatory landscape active in effector T cells was poised early in development before the expression of the T cell antigen receptor. We identified two principal mechanisms underpinning this poised landscape: the recruitment of the nucleosome remodeler mammalian SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (mSWI/SNF) by the transcription factors RUNX1 and PU.1 to establish chromatin accessibility at T effector loci; and a ‘relay’ whereby the transcription factor BCL11B succeeded PU.1 to maintain occupancy of the chromatin remodeling complex mSWI/SNF together with RUNX1, after PU.1 silencing during lineage commitment. These mechanisms define modes by which T cells acquire the potential to elicit specialized effector functions early in their ontogeny and underscore the importance of integrating extrinsic cues to the developmentally specified intrinsic program. Koh et al. show that loci active in differentiated effector T cells are poised in early T precursors before the expression of T cell antigen receptors in a manner dependent on the chromatin remodeling complex mammalian SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable and the PU.1–RUNX1 and BCL11B–RUNX1 complexes.

The silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) material system is a technologically important implementation of spin-based quantum information processing. However, the MOS interface is imperfect leading to concerns about 1/ f trap noise and variability in the electron g -factor due to spin–orbit (SO) effects. Here we advantageously use interface–SO coupling for a critical control axis in a double-quantum-dot singlet–triplet qubit. The magnetic field-orientation dependence of the g -factors is consistent with Rashba and Dresselhaus interface–SO contributions. The resulting all-electrical, two-axis control is also used to probe the MOS interface noise. The measured inhomogeneous dephasing time, T 2m ⋆ , of 1.6 μs is consistent with 99.95% 28 Si enrichment. Furthermore, when tuned to be sensitive to exchange fluctuations, a quasi-static charge noise detuning variance of 2 μeV is observed, competitive with low-noise reports in other semiconductor qubits. This work, therefore, demonstrates that the MOS interface inherently provides properties for two-axis qubit control, while not increasing noise relative to other material choices. As the performance of silicon-based qubits has improved, there has been increasing focus on developing designs that are compatible with industrial processes. Here, Jock et al. exploit spin-orbit coupling to demonstrate full, all-electrical control of a metal-oxide-semiconductor electron spin qubit.

The restoration of soil health is a crucial step to maximize productivity in historically eroded soils of the southeastern United States. Cover crops have been known to improve soil health over time; therefore, studies were conducted from 2017 to 2019 in the Tennessee Valley (TVREC) and Wiregrass (WREC) Research and Extension Center regions of Alabama to examine the impact of cover crops on dynamic soil health indicators. Treatments including fallow, along with monocultures and combinations of cereal rye (Secale cereale L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and Daikon radish (Raphanus sativus L.) were arranged in a randomized complete block design in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)–legume cash crop rotations. Soil health indicators included permanganate oxidizable C (POXC), total C (TC), water stable aggregates (WSA), and soil strength (area under the curve for cone index [AUCCI]). Cover crops did not increase WSA compared with fallow after 2 yr of treatment. At TVREC, POXC in the 10‐to‐15‐cm depth increased 60.6% under crimson clover compared with fallow. At TVREC, TC increased in the top 15 cm of soil after 2 yr of crimson clover, rye–clover, and rye–radish compared with fallow by 14.3, 11.6, and 15.2%, respectively. No differences in AUCCI occurred between treatments in 2018 at either location. In 2019, AUCCI at TVREC was higher under fallow and radish treatments compared with rye and rye–radish, whereas AUCCI at WREC in 2019 was higher under clover‐containing treatments compared with fallow and rye. Overall, some improvements in soil health indicators were observed after 2 yr of cover crop utilization, but long‐term cover crop use may be necessary to observe more consistent soil health changes. Core Ideas Cover crop mixtures did not increase biomass compared with rye or clover monoculture. Soil health indicators rarely differed after 2 yr of cover crop treatments. Total C increased in finer‐textured soils after 2 yr for some cover crops.

Geriatric rehabilitation (GR) facilities are turning to innovative tools such as telerehabilitation to support home-based treatment due to challenges with population ageing, staff shortages, and mounting budgetary pressures. This study identified the potential added value as well as the requirements of using telerehabilitation in home-based GR, according to stakeholders and potential end-users. This exploratory qualitative study design conducted semi-structured interviews among nineteen care professionals, three patients and one informal caregiver. The qualitative data from these interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed with inductive content analysis. Interviewees indicated multiple added values and requirements for telerehabilitation in home-based GR. Overall, there was great emphasis on blended care implementation,in which telerehabilitation is used in conjunction with in-person care. It is recommended to use the present findings towards developing and implementing a telerehabilitation intervention in home-based GR and assess its feasibility and usability.

Background The appropriate management of breast cancer risk in BRCA mutation carriers following ovarian cancer diagnosis remains unclear. We sought to determine the survival benefit and cost effectiveness of risk-reducing mastectomy (RRM) among women with BRCA1/2 mutations following stage II–IV ovarian cancer. Design We constructed a decision model from a third-party payer perspective to compare annual screening with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and mammography to annual screening followed by RRM with reconstruction following ovarian cancer diagnosis. Survival, overall costs, and cost effectiveness were determined by decade at diagnosis using 2015 US dollars. All inputs were obtained from the literature and public databases. Monte Carlo probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed with a $100,000 willingness-to-pay threshold. Results The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per year of life saved (YLS) for RRM increased with age and BRCA2 mutation status, with greater survival benefit demonstrated in younger patients with BRCA1 mutations. RRM delayed 5 years in 40-year-old BRCA1 mutation carriers was associated with 5 months of life gained (ICER $72,739/YLS), and in 60-year-old BRCA2 mutation carriers was associated with 0.8 months of life gained (ICER $334,906/YLS). In all scenarios, $/YLS and mastectomies per breast cancer prevented were lowest with RRM performed 5–10 years after ovarian cancer diagnosis. Conclusion For most BRCA1/2 mutation carriers following ovarian cancer diagnosis, RRM performed within 5 years is not cost effective when compared with breast cancer screening. Imaging surveillance should be advocated during the first several years after ovarian cancer diagnosis, after which point the benefits of RRM can be considered based on patient age and BRCA mutation status.

Identifying neural markers of clinical symptom fluctuations is prerequisite to developing more precise brain-targeted treatments in psychiatry. We have recently shown that working memory (WM) in healthy adults is dependent on the rise and fall interplay between alpha/beta and gamma bursts within frontoparietal regions, and that deviations in these patterns lead to WM performance errors. However, it is not known whether such bursting deviations underlie clinically relevant WM-related symptoms or clinical status in individuals with WM deficits. In adolescents (n=27) with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), we investigated WM-related dynamics between alpha/beta and gamma bursts in relation to clinical status fluctuations. Participants repeatedly completed a visual Sternberg spatial working memory task during EEG recording as part of their participation in two research studies (n=224 person-sessions). Source localizing EEG data to each participant's structural MRI, the rate and volume of alpha, beta, and gamma bursts were examined within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC). Alpha/beta and gamma bursts at the DLPFC and PPC displayed complimentary roles in WM processes. Alpha/beta bursting decreased during stimuli encoding and increased during the delay, while gamma bursting was elevated during encoding and decreased during the delay. Deviations in bursting patterns were associated with WM errors and clinical symptoms. We conclude that dysfunctional alpha/beta and gamma burst dynamics within the frontoparietal region underlie both intra-individual WM performance and WM symptom fluctuations in adolescents with ADHD. Such burst dynamics reflect a novel target and biomarker for WM-related treatment development.