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Summary Lipid recovery and purification from microalgal cells continues to be a significant bottleneck in biodiesel production due to high costs involved and a high energy demand. Therefore, there is a considerable necessity to develop an extraction method which meets the essential requirements of being safe, cost‐effective, robust, efficient, selective, environmentally friendly, feasible for large‐scale production and free of product contamination. The use of wet concentrated algal biomass as a feedstock for oil extraction is especially desirable as it would avoid the requirement for further concentration and/or drying. This would save considerable costs and circumvent at least two lengthy processes during algae‐based oil production. This article provides an overview on recent progress that has been made on the extraction of lipids from wet algal biomass. The biggest contributing factors appear to be the composition of algal cell walls, pre‐treatments of biomass and the use of solvents (e.g. a solvent mixture or solvent‐free lipid extraction). We compare recently developed wet extraction processes for oleaginous microalgae and make recommendations towards future research to improve lipid extraction from wet algal biomass. Lipid recovery and purification from microalgal cells is a significant bottleneck in microalgal oil production due to high costs involved and a high energy demand. The use of wet concentrated algal biomass as a feedstock for oil extraction is desirable as it avoids further concentration and/or drying. This article provides an overview on recent progress on lipid extraction from wet algal biomass and makes recommendations towards further improvements.

Why do firms die? This volume seeks to explore international and cross-disciplinary perspectives, if you like a forensic examination, autopsy or post mortem of 'how and why' companies die. This alternate perspectives flips the focus on survival, as all existing firms are in truth survivors, to consider through the metaphors of death, (with forensic analysis, autopsy, post mortems and crime scene investigations) the lessons 'dead firms' might offer. This book will contribute to the understanding of the development, antecedents, processes and consequences of corporate insolvency around the world. In general lines, insolvency is a state in which the debtor is proven unable to pay corporate debtors. We aim to explore the contemporary causes and effects of corporate cross-border insolvency (CCBI). In the realms of international business, CCBI could be mediated by events experienced during the internationalization of the firm, which may encompass a loss of capital, loss of revenue and loss of credit. -- Provided by publisher.

Sarcopenic obesity is characterized by a concurrent decline in muscle mass and function, along with increased adipose tissue. Sarcopenic obesity is a growing concern in older adults owing to significant health consequences, including implications for mortality, comorbidities and risk of developing geriatric syndromes. A 2022 consensus statement established a new definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity. The pathophysiology of this condition involves a complex interplay between muscle, adipose tissue, hormonal changes, inflammation, oxidative stress and lifestyle factors, among others. Sarcopenic obesity is treated with a range of management approaches, such as lifestyle interventions, exercise, nutrition and medical therapies. Emerging therapies that were developed for treating other conditions may be relevant to sarcopenic obesity, including novel pharmacological agents and personalized approaches such as precision medicine. In this Review, we synthesize the current knowledge of the clinical importance of sarcopenic obesity, its assessment and diagnosis, along with current and emerging management strategies. Sarcopenic obesity is a growing clinical problem because of ageing populations and the increasing prevalence of obesity. This Review highlights the new consensus definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity, and provides an overview of the pathogenesis, clinical outcomes, and management of this syndrome. Key points Sarcopenic obesity involves an ageing-associated increase in adiposity and reduction in muscle mass and function, poses a major health risk to older adults, and presents diagnostic and management challenges in clinical settings. The multifaceted pathophysiology of sarcopenic obesity requires a comprehensive understanding of hormonal shifts, inflammation, muscle and adipose tissue changes, and lifestyle factors for effective patient care. Recently proposed consensus criteria developed by international experts are enhancing the clinical diagnosis and assessment of sarcopenic obesity and aid in achieving more precise and consistent patient evaluations. Management strategies vary from lifestyle modifications, including exercise and targeted nutritional plans, to emerging drug therapies, broadening the treatment options for sarcopenic obesity. As sarcopenic obesity research progresses, the need for clinician involvement in collaborative research efforts and the implementation of new findings into clinical practice is paramount. The increasing use of digital technology in delivering diet and exercise interventions offers a promising avenue for modernized, patient-centred care, countering outdated perceptions about engagement with e-health by older adults.

Presents a travel guide to England, Scotland, and Wales, providing recommendations on hotels, restaurants, shopping, local transportation, sights of interest, and nightlife.

XXXto assess the effect on cognition of a controlled intervention testing Mediterranean diets (MedDiet). XXXrandomized trial after 6.5 years of nutritional intervention. Eight primary care centers affiliated to the University of Navarra. A random subsample of 285 participants (95 randomly allocated to each of 3 groups) of the PREDIMED-NAVARRA trial. All of them were at high vascular risk (44.8% men, 74.1± 5.7 years at cognitive evaluation). Nutritional intervention comparing two MedDiets (supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil [EVOO] or mixed nuts) versus a low-fat control diet. Participants received intensive education to increase adherence to the intended intervention. Participants allocated to the MedDiet groups received EVOO (1 l/week) or 30 g/day of mixed nuts. Dietary habits were evaluated using a validated 137-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Additionally, adherence to MedDiet was appraised using a 14-item questionnaire both at baseline and yearly thereafter. XXXcognitive performance as a main outcome and cognitive status (normal, mild cognitive impairment [MCI] or dementia) as a secondary outcome were evaluated by two neurologists blinded to group assignment after 6.5 years of nutritional intervention. Better post-trial cognitive performance versus control in all cognitive domains and significantly better performance across fluency and memory tasks were observed for participants allocated to the MedDiet+EVOO group. After adjustment for sex, age, education, apolipoprotein E genotype, family history of cognitive impairment/dementia, smoking, physical activity, body mass index, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes, alcohol and total energy intake, this group also showed lower MCI (OR=0.34 95% CI: 0.12–0.97) compared with control group. Participants assigned to MedDiet+Nuts group did not differ from controls. A long-term intervention with an EVOO-rich MedDiet resulted in a better cognitive function in comparison with a control diet. However, non-significant differences were found for most cognitive domains. Participants allocated to an EVOO-rich MedDiet had less MCI than controls.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a heterogeneous state of chronic intestinal inflammation with no exact known cause. Intestinal innate immunity is enacted by neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs), and innate lymphoid cells and NK cells, characterized by their capacity to produce a rapid and nonspecific reaction as a first-line response. Innate immune cells (IIC) defend against pathogens and excessive entry of intestinal microorganisms, while preserving immune tolerance to resident intestinal microbiota. Changes to this equilibrium are linked to intestinal inflammation in the gut and IBD. IICs mediate host defense responses, inflammation, and tissue healing by producing cytokines and chemokines, activating the complement cascade and phagocytosis, or presenting antigens to activate the adaptive immune response. IICs exert important functions that promote or ameliorate the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie and sustain IBD. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying these clinical manifestations will be important for developing therapies targeting the innate immune system in IBD patients. This review examines the complex roles of and interactions among IICs, and their interactions with other immune and non-immune cells in homeostasis and pathological conditions.

Microorganisms rule the functioning of our planet and each one of the individual macroscopic living creature. Nevertheless, microbial activity and growth status have always been challenging tasks to determine both in situ and in vivo. Microbial activity is generally related to growth, and the growth rate is a result of the availability of nutrients under adequate or adverse conditions faced by microbial cells in a changing environment. Most studies on microorganisms have been carried out under optimum or near-optimum growth conditions, but scarce information is available about microorganisms at slow-growing states (i.e., near-zero growth and maintenance metabolism). This study aims to better understand microorganisms under growth-limiting conditions. This is expected to provide new perspectives on the functions and relevance of the microbial world. This is because (i) microorganisms in nature frequently face conditions of severe growth limitation, (ii) microorganisms activate singular pathways (mostly genes remaining to be functionally annotated), resulting in a broad range of secondary metabolites, and (iii) the response of microorganisms to slow-growth conditions remains to be understood, including persistence strategies, gene expression, and cell differentiation both within clonal populations and due to the complexity of the environment.

A bstract We present an updated global analysis of neutrino oscillation data as of September 2024. The parameters θ 12 , θ 13 , ∆ m 21 2 , and ∣ ∆ m 3 ℓ 2 ∣ ( ℓ = 1 , 2) are well-determined with relative precision at 3 σ of about 13%, 8%, 15%, and 6%, respectively. The third mixing angle θ 23 still suffers from the octant ambiguity, with no clear indication of whether it is larger or smaller than 45 ° . The determination of the leptonic CP phase δ CP depends on the neutrino mass ordering: for normal ordering the global fit is consistent with CP conservation within 1 σ , whereas for inverted ordering CP-violating values of δ CP around 270 ° are favored against CP conservation at more than 3 . 6 σ . While the present data has in principle 2 . 5–3 σ sensitivity to the neutrino mass ordering, there are different tendencies in the global data that reduce the discrimination power: T2K and NOvA appearance data individually favor normal ordering, but they are more consistent with each other for inverted ordering. Conversely, the joint determination of ∣ ∆ m 3 ℓ 2 ∣ from global disappearance data prefers normal ordering. Altogether, the global fit including long-baseline, reactor and IceCube atmospheric data results into an almost equally good fit for both orderings. Only when the χ 2 table for atmospheric neutrino data from Super-Kamiokande is added to our χ 2 , the global fit prefers normal ordering with ∆ χ 2 = 6 . 1. We provide also updated ranges and correlations for the effective parameters sensitive to the absolute neutrino mass from β -decay, neutrinoless double-beta decay, and cosmology.

Exercise is an effective strategy for preventing and treating obesity and its related cardiometabolic disorders, resulting in significant loss of body fat mass, white adipose tissue browning, redistribution of energy substrates, optimization of global energy expenditure, enhancement of hypothalamic circuits that control appetite-satiety and energy expenditure, and decreased systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. Novel exercise-inducible soluble factors, including myokines, hepatokines, and osteokines, and immune cytokines and adipokines are hypothesized to play an important role in the body’s response to exercise. To our knowledge, no review has provided a comprehensive integrative overview of these novel molecular players and the mechanisms involved in the redistribution of metabolic fuel during and after exercise, the loss of weight and fat mass, and reduced inflammation. In this review, we explain the potential role of these exercise-inducible factors, namely myokines, such as irisin, IL-6, IL-15, METRNL, BAIBA, and myostatin, and hepatokines, in particular selenoprotein P, fetuin A, FGF21, ANGPTL4, and follistatin. We also describe the function of osteokines, specifically osteocalcin, and of adipokines such as leptin, adiponectin, and resistin. We also emphasize an integrative overview of the pleiotropic mechanisms, the metabolic pathways, and the inter-organ crosstalk involved in energy expenditure, fat mass loss, reduced inflammation, and healthy weight induced by exercise.