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Artificial intelligence is rapidly transforming the field of health science and medical education, but less is known about the students´ competencies related to knowledge, skills and attitudes towards the application of AI tools like ChatGPT. Therefore, a unicentric questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was applied to students in the medical field (  = 207). The data revealed that while most students were familiar with ChatGPT (66.7%), other AI tools were significantly less known or utilised for study purposes. Students approached AI tools rather informally, often preferring to use them as a simple search engine. More than half of the students admitted that they were not sufficiently informed about the underlying technology of AI. They applied ChatGPT in a self-directed manner but expressed considerable uncertainty regarding effective prompt engineering and ChatGPT's legal implications. Overall, the majority of respondents showed interest in and positivity towards the introduction of AI. However, they did not feel adequately prepared to handle AI confidently, leading many to express interest in further training. This training should be directly related to students' professional roles, e.g. as a physician. The three most favoured AI-topics for voluntary learning formats were AI in their studies (62.5%), AI in general (58.0%), and the use of AI in scientific writing (57.0%). Notable subgroup differences related to the students\" gender or self-assessed study performance were observed and should be considered in future research.

Abstract The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 2,143 new measurements from 709 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 120 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including a new review on Machine Learning, and one on Spectroscopy of Light Meson Resonances. The Review is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 includes the Summary Tables and 97 review articles. Volume 2 consists of the Particle Listings and contains also 23 reviews that address specific aspects of the data presented in the Listings. The complete Review (both volumes) is published online on the website of the Particle Data Group (pdg.lbl.gov) and in a journal. Volume 1 is available in print as the PDG Book. A Particle Physics Booklet with the Summary Tables and essential tables, figures, and equations from selected review articles is available in print, as a web version optimized for use on phones, and as an Android app.

Abstract The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,324 new measurements from 878 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 120 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including a new review on High Energy Soft QCD and Diffraction and one on the Determination of CKM Angles from B Hadrons. The Review is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 includes the Summary Tables and 98 review articles. Volume 2 consists of the Particle Listings and contains also 22 reviews that address specific aspects of the data presented in the Listings. The complete Review (both volumes) is published online on the website of the Particle Data Group (pdg.lbl.gov) and in a journal. Volume 1 is available in print as the PDG Book. A Particle Physics Booklet with the Summary Tables and essential tables, figures, and equations from selected review articles is available in print and as a web version optimized for use on phones as well as an Android app.

Measurements of differential top quark pair tt¯\\[ \\mathrm{t}\\overline{\\mathrm{t}} \\] cross sections using events produced in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV containing two oppositely charged leptons are presented. The data were recorded by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC in 2016 and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb−1. The differential cross sections are presented as functions of kinematic observables of the top quarks and their decay products, the tt¯\\[ \\mathrm{t}\\overline{\\mathrm{t}} \\] system, and the total number of jets in the event. The differential cross sections are defined both with particle-level objects in a fiducial phase space close to that of the detector acceptance and with parton-level top quarks in the full phase space. All results are compared with standard model predictions from Monte Carlo simulations with next-to-leading-order (NLO) accuracy in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) at matrix-element level interfaced to parton-shower simulations. Where possible, parton-level results are compared to calculations with beyond-NLO precision in QCD. Significant disagreement is observed between data and all predictions for several observables. The measurements are used to constrain the top quark chromomagnetic dipole moment in an effective field theory framework at NLO in QCD and to extract tt¯\\[ \\mathrm{t}\\overline{\\mathrm{t}} \\] and leptonic charge asymmetries.

A search is presented for the associated production of a standard model Higgs boson with a top quark-antiquark pair (tt¯H\\[ \\mathrm{t}\\overline{\\mathrm{t}}\\mathrm{H} \\]), in which the Higgs boson decays into a b quark-antiquark pair, in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy s=13\\[ \\sqrt{s}=13 \\] TeV. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb−1 recorded with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC. Candidate tt¯H\\[ \\mathrm{t}\\overline{\\mathrm{t}}\\mathrm{H} \\] events are selected that contain either one or two electrons or muons from the tt¯\\[ \\mathrm{t}\\overline{\\mathrm{t}} \\] decays and are categorised according to the number of jets. Multivariate techniques are employed to further classify the events and eventually discriminate between signal and background. The results are characterised by an observed tt¯H\\[ \\mathrm{t}\\overline{\\mathrm{t}}\\mathrm{H} \\] signal strength relative to the standard model cross section, μ = σ/σSM, under the assumption of a Higgs boson mass of 125 GeV. A combined fit of multivariate discriminant distributions in all categories results in an observed (expected) upper limit on μ of 1.5 (0.9) at 95% confidence level, and a best fit value of 0.72 ± 0.24(stat) ± 0.38(syst), corresponding to an observed (expected) signal significance of 1.6 (2.2) standard deviations above the background-only hypothesis.

A combination is presented of all inclusive deep inelastic cross sections previously published by the H1 and ZEUS collaborations at HERA for neutral and charged current $e^{\\pm}p$ scattering for zero beam polarisation. The data were taken at proton beam energies of 920, 820, 575 and 460 GeV and an electron beam energy of 27.5 GeV. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of about 1 fb$^{-1}$ and span six orders of magnitude in negative four-momentum-transfer squared, $Q^2$, and Bjorken $x$. The correlations of the systematic uncertainties were evaluated and taken into account for the combination. The combined cross sections were input to QCD analyses at leading order, next-to-leading order and at next-to-next-to-leading order, providing a new set of parton distribution functions, called HERAPDF2.0. In addition to the experimental uncertainties, model and parameterisation uncertainties were assessed for these parton distribution functions. Variants of HERAPDF2.0 with an alternative gluon parameterisation, HERAPDF2.0AG, and using fixed-flavour-number schemes, HERAPDF2.0FF, are presented. The analysis was extended by including HERA data on charm and jet production, resulting in the variant HERAPDF2.0Jets. The inclusion of jet-production cross sections made a simultaneous determination of these parton distributions and the strong coupling constant possible, resulting in $\\alpha_s(M_Z)=0.1183 \\pm 0.0009 {\\rm(exp)} \\pm 0.0005{\\rm (model/parameterisation)} \\pm 0.0012{\\rm (hadronisation)} ^{+0.0037}_{-0.0030}{\\rm (scale)}$. An extraction of $xF_3^{\\gamma Z}$ and results on electroweak unification and scaling violations are also presented.

A search for a heavy resonance decaying into a top quark and antiquark tt¯\\[ \\left(\\mathrm{t}\\overline{\\mathrm{t}}\\right) \\] pair is performed using proton-proton collisions at s=13\\[ \\sqrt{s}=13 \\] TeV. The search uses the data set collected with the CMS detector in 2016, which corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb−1. The analysis considers three exclusive final states and uses reconstruction techniques that are optimized for top quarks with high Lorentz boosts, which requires the use of nonisolated leptons and jet substructure techniques. No significant excess of events relative to the expected yield from standard model processes is observed. Upper limits on the production cross section of heavy resonances decaying to a tt¯\\[ \\mathrm{t}\\overline{\\mathrm{t}} \\] pair are calculated. Limits are derived for a leptophobic topcolor Z′ resonance with widths of 1, 10, and 30%, relative to the mass of the resonance, and exclude masses up to 3.80, 5.25, and 6.65 TeV, respectively. Kaluza-Klein excitations of the gluon in the Randall-Sundrum model are excluded up to 4.55 TeV. To date, these are the most stringent limits on tt¯\\[ \\mathrm{t}\\overline{\\mathrm{t}} \\] resonances.

A search for Higgs bosons that decay into a bottom quark-antiquark pair and are accompanied by at least one additional bottom quark is performed with the CMS detector. The data analyzed were recorded in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of s=13 TeV at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.7 fb−1. The final state considered in this analysis is particularly sensitive to signatures of a Higgs sector beyond the standard model, as predicted in the generic class of two Higgs doublet models (2HDMs). No signal above the standard model background expectation is observed. Stringent upper limits on the cross section times branching fraction are set for Higgs bosons with masses up to 1300 GeV. The results are interpreted within several MSSM and 2HDM scenarios.

Measurements of open charm and beauty production cross sections in deep inelastic ep scattering at HERA from the H1 and ZEUS Collaborations are combined. Reduced cross sections are obtained in the kinematic range of negative four-momentum transfer squared of the photon 2.5GeV2≤Q2≤2000GeV2 and Bjorken scaling variable 3·10-5≤xBj≤5·10-2. The combination method accounts for the correlations of the statistical and systematic uncertainties among the different datasets. Perturbative QCD calculations are compared to the combined data. A next-to-leading order QCD analysis is performed using these data together with the combined inclusive deep inelastic scattering cross sections from HERA. The running charm- and beauty-quark masses are determined as mc(mc)=1.290-0.041+0.046(exp/fit)-0.014+0.062(model)-0.031+0.003(parameterisation) GeV and mb(mb)=4.049-0.109+0.104(exp/fit)-0.032+0.090(model)-0.031+0.001(parameterisation)GeV.

Cross sections for elastic and proton-dissociative photoproduction of J / ψ mesons are measured with the H1 detector in positron-proton collisions at HERA. The data were collected at ep centre-of-mass energies and , corresponding to integrated luminosities of and , respectively. The cross sections are measured as a function of the photon-proton centre-of-mass energy in the range 25< W γp <110 GeV. Differential cross sections d σ /d t , where t is the squared four-momentum transfer at the proton vertex, are measured in the range | t |<1.2 GeV 2 for the elastic process and | t |<8 GeV 2 for proton dissociation. The results are compared to other measurements. The W γp and t -dependences are parametrised using phenomenological fits.