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AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether a single low dose of esketamine administered after childbirth reduces postpartum depression in mothers with prenatal depression.DesignRandomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial with two parallel arms.SettingFive tertiary care hospitals in China, 19 June 2020 to 3 August 2022.Participants364 mothers aged ≥18 years who had at least mild prenatal depression as indicated by Edinburgh postnatal depression scale scores of ≥10 (range 0-30, with higher scores indicating worse depression) and who were admitted to hospital for delivery.InterventionsParticipants were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive either 0.2 mg/kg esketamine or placebo infused intravenously over 40 minutes after childbirth once the umbilical cord had been clamped.Main outcome measuresThe primary outcome was prevalence of a major depressive episode at 42 days post partum, diagnosed using the mini-international neuropsychiatric interview. Secondary outcomes included the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale score at seven and 42 days post partum and the 17 item Hamilton depression rating scale score at 42 days post partum (range 0-52, with higher scores indicating worse depression). Adverse events were monitored until 24 hours after childbirth.ResultsA total of 364 mothers (mean age 31.8 (standard deviation 4.1) years) were enrolled and randomised. At 42 days post partum, a major depressive episode was observed in 6.7% (12/180) of participants in the esketamine group compared with 25.4% (46/181) in the placebo group (relative risk 0.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14 to 0.48; P<0.001). Edinburgh postnatal depression scale scores were lower in the esketamine group at seven days (median difference −3, 95% CI −4 to −2; P<0.001) and 42 days (−3, −4 to −2; P<0.001). Hamilton depression rating scale scores at 42 days post partum were also lower in the esketamine group (−4, −6 to −3; P<0.001). The overall incidence of neuropsychiatric adverse events was higher in the esketamine group (45.1% (82/182) v 22.0% (40/182); P<0.001); however, symptoms lasted less than a day and none required drug treatment.ConclusionsFor mothers with prenatal depression, a single low dose of esketamine after childbirth decreases major depressive episodes at 42 days post partum by about three quarters. Neuropsychiatric symptoms were more frequent but transient and did not require drug intervention.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04414943.

为探讨固定化微生物对煤矿区3环PAHs污染老化土壤的修复效果，以番茄秸秆为固定化载体材料，通过“吸附-包埋-交联法”形成了固定化芽孢杆菌微球，并采用土培试验对煤矿区土壤3环PAHs去除进行研究。结果表明，游离芽孢杆菌M1对煤矿区污染老化土壤单体芴（Flu）、菲（Phe）和蒽（Anth）的去除随接菌量的增加先升高后降低。在接菌量为1%、10%、20%（体积质量比）的游离芽孢杆菌处理中，10%处理（B2M1）对土壤Phe的去除率最高，为21.35%。不同接菌量的固定化芽孢杆菌M1微球处理对3种PAHs的去除率显著高于微球基质处理，其中，接菌量20%的固定化芽孢杆菌处理（X3M1）对土壤Flu的去除率最高，达95.25%，比不含M1菌株的番茄秸秆微球基质处理（X3）提高了12.03个百分点。对比分析扣除微球基质后的固定化M1与添加同等菌量的游离M1去除结果看出，经固定化后的菌株M1比游离菌M1显著促进了对煤矿区污染老化土壤3环PAHs的去除，不同接菌量对单体Flu和Anth去除率为72.17%~75.52%和8.97%~28.88%，分别比游离菌增加了64.10~72.31个百分点和8.13~15.24个百分点，单体Phe 1%接菌量处理比游离菌提高了5.07个百分点。从土壤酶活性看，土壤过氧化氢酶活性在固定化M1三种剂量处理下均显著高于微球基质和游离菌M1处理，随剂量增加依次是游离菌处理的1.16、1.23倍和1.20倍，是微球基质处理的1.28、1.19倍和1.16倍，与3环PAHs的去除率规律相一致，而固定化M1处理多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶和纤维素酶活性相对于游离菌处理有不同程度的降低。综上，固定化芽孢杆菌M1对土壤3环PAHs去除具有显著促进作用，为煤矿区PAHs污染老化土壤原位修复的应用提供了重要技术参数与支撑。 Tomato stalks were used as carrier materials to prepare immobilized Bacillus sp. M1 microspheres by an adsorption-embeddedcross-linking method in this study. The remediation effects of 3-ring Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) -contaminated soil on

a new generation of single equipment and single network structure of intelligent substation is proposed in this paper on the basis of the current three layers two network smart substation, the key technology of this kind of new intelligent substation needs are also proposed in this paper, such as port mirroring, VLANs and IEEE1588. Examples of key technologies are presented,using industrial Ethernet switch, providing reference for engineering applications of new smart substation .

To the Editor： Scalp avulsion is a severe type of scalp injury, which is most often caused when long, braided hair is caught in running wheels. However, scalp avulsion combined with an open skull avulsion fracture is extremely rare. Here we report a unique case of scalp avulsion combined with open craniocerebral injury. A 19-year-old female was transferred to our emergency department. Twelve hours prior to admission, the patient＇s hair was caught in a machine that was rotating at a high speed, resulting in a severe scalp avulsion.

Objective：There are many reports on associations between spermatogenesis and partial azoospermia factor c（AZFc） deletions as well as duplications;however,results are conflicting,possibly due to differences in methodology and ethnic background.The purpose of this study is to investigate the association of AZFc polymorphisms and male infertility in the Yi ethnic population,residents within Yunnan Province,ChinaMethods：A total of 224 infertile patients and 153 fertile subjects were selected in the Yi ethnic population.The study was performed by sequence-tagged site plus/minus（STS＋/） analysis followed by gene dosage and gene copy definition analysis.Y haplotypes of 215 cases and 115 controls were defined by 12 binary markers using single nucleotide polymorphism on Y chromosome（Y-SNP） multiplex assays based on single base primer extension technology.Results：The distribution of Y haplotypes was not significantly different between the case and control groups.The frequencies of both gr/gr（7.6% vs.8.5%） and b2/b3（6.3% vs.8.5%） deletions do not show significant differences.Similarly,single nucleotide variant（SNV） analysis shows no significant difference of gene copy definition between the cases and controls.However,the frequency of partial duplications in the infertile group（4.0%） is significantly higher than that in the control group（0.7%）.Further,we found a case with sY1206 deletion which had two CDY1 copies but removed half of DAZ genes.Conclusions：Our results show that male infertility is associated with partial AZFc duplications,but neither gr/gr nor b2/b3 deletions,suggesting that partial AZFc duplications rather than deletions are risk factors for male infertility in Chinese-Yi population.

Oestrogen is essential for maintaining bone mass, and it has been demonstrated to induce osteoblast proliferation and bone formation.In this study, complementary DNA（cDNA） microarrays were used to identify and study the expression of novel genes that may be involved in MC3T3-E1 cells’ response to 17-b estradiol. MC3T3-E1 cells were inoculated in minimum essential media alpha（a-MEM）cell culture supplemented with 17-b estradiol at different concentrations and for different time periods. MC3T3-E1 cells treated with1028mol？L2117-b estradiol for 5 days exhibited the highest proliferation and alkaline phosphatase（ALP） activity; thus, this group was chosen for microarray analysis. The harvested RNA was used for microarray hybridisation and subsequent real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction（RT-PCR） to validate the expression levels for selected genes. The microarray results were analysed using both functional and pathway analysis. In this study, microarray analysis detected 5 403 differentially expressed genes,of which 1 996 genes were upregulated and 3 407 genes were downregulated, 1 553 different functional classifications were identified by gene ontology（GO） analysis and 53 different pathways were involved based on pathway analysis. Among the differentially expressed genes, a portion not previously reported to be associated with the osteoblast response to oestrogen was identified. These findings clearly demonstrate that the expression of genes related to osteoblast proliferation, cell differentiation, collagens and transforming growth factor beta（TGF-b）-related cytokines increases, while the expression of genes related to apoptosis and osteoclast differentiation decreases, following the exposure of MC3T3-E1 cells to a-MEM supplemented with 17-b estradiol. Microarray analysis with functional gene classification is critical for a complete understanding of complementary intracellular processes. This microarray analysis provides large-scale gene expression data that require further confirmatory studies.

Recent studies have reported that induced pluripotent stem （iPS） cells from mice and humans can differentiate into primordial germ cells. However, whether iPS cells are capable of producing male germ cells is not known. The objective of this study was to investigate the differentiation potential of mouse iPS cells into spermatogonial stem cells and late-stage male germ cells. We used an approach that combines in vitrodifferentiation and in vivotransplantation. Embryoid bodies （EBs） were obtained from iPS cells using leukaemia inhibitor factor （LIF）-free medium. Quantitative PCR revealed a decrease in Oct4 expression and an increase in StraSand Vasa mRNA in the EBs derived from iPS cells, iPS cell-derived EBs were induced by retinoic acid to differentiate into spermatogonial stem cells （SSCs）, as evidenced by their expression of VASA, as well as CDH1 and GFRal, which are markers of SSCs. Furthermore, these germ cells derived from iPS cells were transplanted into recipient testes of mice that had been pre-treated with busulfan. Notably, iPS cell-derived SSCs were able to differentiate into male germ cells ranging from spermatogonia to round spermatids, as shown by VASA and SCP3 expression. This study demonstrates that iPS cells have the potential to differentiate into late-stage male germ cells. The derivation of male germ cells from iPS cells has potential applications in the treatment of male infertility and provides a model for uncovering the molecular mechanisms underlying male germ cell development.

Bamboo leaves of Phyllostachys nigra (PN), Lophatherum gracile (LG), and Pleioblastus amarus (PA) are three common herbs in China. In this work, a new high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the simultaneous determination of seven compounds in bamboo leaves has been developed; and PN, LG, and PA leaves were analyzed. PN showed four times as much chlorogenic acid (CA) than the other two, and contained the most isoorientin (iso-ORI) and isovitexin (iso-VIT) as well. The PA presented the most orientin (ORI) and LG covered a majority of cynaroside (CYN). We measured the antioxidant activity by scavenging the stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-pyridinohydrazinyl (DPPH) free radicals, and found that Luteolin (inhibitory concentration (IC)50 = 0.42 µM, LUT) and CYN (IC50 = 0.43 µM) showed 2–3 times higher antioxidant activity than iso-ORI (IC50 = 0.81 µM), ORI (IC50 = 0.84 µM), and other related antioxidant standards such as trolox (IC50 = 0.97 µM) and ascorbic acid (IC50 = 0.93 µM, VC). Among extracts, PN and PA showed considerable antioxidant activity, which was related well with the contents of CA, iso-ORI, and iso-VIT (p < 0.05). This study firstly provides evidence for functional antioxidant compounds of bamboo leaves based on statistical analysis of the HPLC analysis and DPPH assay, and it lays a foundation for its further development or utilization.

How the ubiquitously expressed splicing factors specifically regulate neural crest (NC) development and enhance their vulnerability to splicing perturbations remain poorly understood. Here, we show that NC-specific DLC1, partnering with SF3B1-PHF5A splicing complex, are crucial for determining avian trunk NC cell fate by regulating the splicing of NC specifiers SOX9 and SNAI2 pre-mRNAs rather than their upstream regulators BMP4 , WNT1 , and PAX7 . Mechanistically, SF3B1-PHF5A binds to the intronic branch site (BS) sequences of all factors, while DLC1 interacts with a specific motif near the BS sequences of SOX9 and SNAI2 , thereby determining their functional specificity in NC specification. Moreover, DLC1 increases NC cells’ vulnerability to splicing modulator pladienolide B (PB) by reducing the binding capacity of the SF3B1-PHF5A splicing complex to the shorter length of both SOX9 intron 2 and SNAI 2 intron 1, which possess weaker polypyrimidine tract 3’ of the BS sequence, resulting in intron retention and loss of NC progenitors. Conversely, somite specific SLU7-SF3B1-PHF5A splicing complex regulates SOX9 and SNAI2 expression and imparts resistance to PB. Our data reveal the cell-type specific splicing complexes with distinct vulnerabilities to PB, highlighting the critical role of the DLC1-SF3B1-PHF5A in determining trunk NC cell fate and enhancing its susceptibility to splicing perturbation. How neural crest development is specifically regulated by splicing factors and its vulnerability to splicing dysregulation remains unclear. Here, the authors identify neural crest-specific and somite-specific splicing complexes that confer distinct susceptibility to splicing perturbation.