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Currently, great interest is focused on developing auto-tandem catalytic reactions; a substrate is catalytically transferred through mechanistically distinct reactions without altering any reaction conditions. Here by incorporating a pyrrolidine moiety as a chiral organocatalyst and a polyoxometalate as an oxidation catalyst, a powerful approach is devised to achieve a tandem catalyst for the efficient conversion of CO 2 into value-added enantiomerically pure cyclic carbonates. The multi-catalytic sites are orderly distributed and spatially matched in the framework. The captured CO 2 molecules are synergistically fixed and activated by well-positioned pyrrolidine and amine groups, providing further compatibility with the terminal W=O activated epoxidation intermediate and driving the tandem catalytic process in a single workup stage and an asymmetric fashion. The structural simplicity of the building blocks and the use of inexpensive and readily available chemical reagents render this approach highly promising for the development of practical homochiral materials for CO 2 conversion. Using a single catalyst to promote multiple distinct reactions without alteration in reaction conditions is an attractive synthetic goal. Here, to this end, the authors have developed a polyoxometalate-based metal-organic framework for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from olefins.

This study proves that the attraction of anionic bacteria by a cationic center to its neighboring N-halamine sites is a tactic for the design of bactericidal polymers with super biocidability. A silicone containing one cationic quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) and two imide N-halamine sites in the repeating unit was developed on SiO2/Fe3O4 submicrospheres for better antibacterial performance, larger bactericidal area and easier recyclability. Briefly, the product of nucleophilic substitution of diethyl malonate by 3-chloro-1-(N,N-dimethyl)propylamine was ammonolyzed with urea to synthesize 5-(3-(N,N-dimethyl)propyl)barbituric acid whose tertiary amine was subsequently quaternized with (3-chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane. The quaternized molecules were hydrolyzed and polymerized into a silicone layer on SiO2/Fe3O4 submicrospheres. Chlorination of the two imide N–H bonds of barbituric acid ring finalized the synthesis of the bactericidal silicone. Antibacterial tests verified that the biocidability of the integration of one QAS and two N-halamine sites was more powerful than not only non-synergistic mono-functionality but also reported combination of one QAS and one N-halamine, demonstrating that the increase in the ratio of N-halamine to QAS can generate improved biocidability. Besides, the silicone showed satisfactory biocidal stability and rechargeability.

The exploration of new highly efficient and durable for the oxidation of amines to imines has gained immense attention. In this work, a new polyoxometalate-based metal–organic framework (POMOF) {Cu4(C26H16N4O4)4(CH3CN)2[SiW12O40]}·4H2O (SiW-Cu-DPNDI) was constructed with a catalytic oxidant Keggin-type [SiW12O40]4− anion, a photosensitizer N,N'-bis(4-pyridylmethyl)naphthalene diimide (DPNDI) ligand, and a Cu(I) cation via self-assembling. Although single-crystal X-ray diffraction, power X-ray diffraction (PXRD), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, etc., were employed to confirm the hierarchical structure of SiW-Cu-DPNDI, critical analyses through, such as the magnetic susceptibility measurements, the Mott–Schottky measurements, and the electron spin resonance studies were successfully applied to elucidate the properties of POMOF. SiW-Cu-DPNDI was highly active in the heterogeneous photocatalysis of the oxidation of amines to imines under mild conditions. Additionally, this catalyst exhibited high stability and reusability without losing its activity during the photocatalysis. The possible mechanism of the oxidation coupling was extensively investigated under visible-light (Vis)-irradiation.

Tuning the ratio of complementary biocidal groups in a composite unit is proved to be a tactic to better minimize their weaknesses to realize higher synergism. A silane with precursors of one pyridinium and two N-chloramine sites, 6-(pyridin-4-yl)-3-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4-dione, was synthesized, hydrolyzed and dehydrocondensed into a silicone modifier on cotton cellulose. Specially, isonicotinaldehyde was ammonolyzed with biuret to produce 6-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4-dione that subsequently reacted with (γ-chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane to synthesize the silane through nucleophilic substitution. The modifier on cotton was quaternized and chlorinated to transform the one pyridine and two amide N–H structures in each unit of the silicone to pyridinium and N-chloramine counterparts. The cationic pyridinium increases the hydrophilicity of the unit and draws anionic bacteria to its two adjacent highly fatal N-chloramine sites, achieving a faster contact-killing rate than not only monofunctionality but also basic synergistic integration of one cationic center and one N-chloramine. This phenomenon is therefore referred to as “intensified synergism” and provides crucial information for the design of more powerful biocides. The pyridinium/di-N-chloramine silicone coating exhibited extraordinary durability towards UV irradiation, washing cycles and long-term storage due to the good UV resistance and chemical inertness of pyridinium and silicone backbone.Graphic abstract

Diabetic nephropathy （DN） is one of the most common microvascular complications in diabetes mellitus patients and is characterized by thickened glomeruIar basement membrane, increased extracellular matrix formation, and podocyte loss. These phenomena lead to proteinuria and altered glomerular filtration rate, that is, the rate initially increases but progressively decreases. DN has become the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Its prevalence shows a rapid growth trend and causes heavy social and economic burden in many countries. However, this disease is multifactorial, and its mechanism is poorly understood due to the complex pathogenesis of DN. In this review, we highlight the new molecular insights about the pathogenesis of DN from the aspects of immune inflammation response, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, apoptosis and mitochondrial damage, epigenetics, and podocyte-endothelial communication. This work offers groundwork for understanding the initiation and progression of DN, as well as provides ideas for developing new prevention and treatment measures.

Mendelian randomization (MR) uses genetic variants as instrumental variables (IVs) in observational epidemiology to infer the causality of modifiable disease risk factors. Since genetic alleles are randomly assigned at conception, this method reduces confounding and reverse causation and has been widely used to explore causal relationships between exposures and diseases. [...]we lowered the threshold appropriately to obtain a sufficient number of SNPs for analysis. [...]we relaxed the threshold appropriately to obtain a sufficient number of SNPs for analysis. [...]owing to the lack of GWAS data for IgAN in East Asian populations, this study was primarily derived from European populations, limiting the generalizability of our findings to other ethnic groups. [...]the inherent limitations associated with the MR analysis must be acknowledged. Because SNPs explain only a small proportion of

According to the China National Renal Data System (CNRDS), the number of people receiving HD treatment in 2022, was as high as 844,000. The special dietary structure of HD patients, such as low intake of dietary fiber and the restriction of potassium-, sodium-, and phosphorus-containing foods, are known to be important factors affecting the gut microbiota. [...]there is still much work to be done on the study of intestinal microecological status in HD patients. Funding This research was funded by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 62271506 and61971441), the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2021YFC1005300), and the Jinzhongzi project of Beijing Chao-yang Hospital (No.

Currently, the efficient preparation of imines is still a great challenge under mild conditions. In this article, by incorporating 2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazone (HL), Co(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O and Na 2 MoO 4 ·2H 2 O, a new compound [Co(L) 2 ] 2 [Mo 6 O 19 ] ( 1 ) was prepared and characterized by elemental analysis (EA), infrared (IR) spectra, ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectra, powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD) spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray single-crystal diffraction. 1 could be used as a heterogeneous catalyst for oxidative coupling of amines in a comparatively mild condition. Furthermore, 1 exhibited remarkable catalytic performance for oxidation coupling of amines to imines with high yield in the presence of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) (up to 92%). Kinetic measurements of the oxidation of benzylamine suggest that the rate law is r = k′[BnNH 2 ][TBHP] (k′ = k[cat] = 0.2338 L mol −1  h −1 ). Additionally, 1 can be recycled at least three times without a distinct loss of activity. Graphic Abstract A new compound [Co(L) 2 ] 2 [Mo 6 O 19 ] ( 1 ) (HL = 2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazone) has been synthesized and characterized. Furthermore, 1 can efficiently catalyze the oxidative coupling of amines to imines with high activity and exhibited good recyclability and high stability.

Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is an important and increasing cause of acute kidney injury (AKI), which accounts for approximately 20% of hospitalized patients. Previous reviews studies on immunity and AKI focused mainly on ischemia-reperfusion (IR), whereas no systematic review addressing drug-induced AKI and its related immune mechanisms is available. Recent studies have provided a deeper understanding on the mechanisms of drug-induced AKI, among which acute tubular interstitial injury induced by the breakdown of innate immunity was reported to play an important role. Emerging research on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has revealed its potential as treatment for drug-induced AKI. MSCs can inhibit kidney damage by regulating the innate immune balance, promoting kidney repair, and preventing kidney fibrosis. However, it is important to note that there are various sources of MSCs, which impacts on the immunomodulatory ability of the cells. This review aims to address the immune pathogenesis of drug-induced AKI versus that of IR-induced AKI, and to explore the immunomodulatory effects and therapeutic potential of MSCs for drug-induced AKI.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has historically been a significant global health concern, profoundly impacting both life and well-being. In the process of CKD, with the gradual loss of renal function, the incidence of various life-threatening complications, such as cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular accident, infection and stroke, is also increasing rapidly. Unfortunately, existing treatments exhibit limited ability to halt the progression of kidney injury in CKD, emphasizing the urgent need to delve into the precise molecular mechanisms governing the occurrence and development of CKD while identifying novel therapeutic targets. Renal fibrosis, a typical pathological feature of CKD, plays a pivotal role in disrupting normal renal structures and the loss of renal function. Ferroptosis is a recently discovered iron-dependent form of cell death characterized by lipid peroxide accumulation. Ferroptosis has emerged as a potential key player in various diseases and the initiation of organ fibrosis. Substantial evidence suggests that ferroptosis may significantly contribute to the intricate interplay between CKD and its progression. This review comprehensively outlines the intricate relationship between CKD and ferroptosis in terms of iron metabolism and lipid peroxidation, and discusses the current landscape of pharmacological research on ferroptosis, shedding light on promising avenues for intervention. It further illustrates recent breakthroughs in ferroptosis-related regulatory mechanisms implicated in the progression of CKD, thereby providing new insights for CKD treatment. BfoF46qaBLtgVmJXm1oAqY Video Abstract