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Vocational nursing educators are regularly challenged to broaden the global perspective of students who have neither studied abroad nor experienced different cultures and to integrate international health care elements into English as a medium of instruction (EMI) nursing classes to increase student transcultural literacy and enhance their learning motivation. In this study, a course developed based on the Comprehensive Learning System was used to plan an EMI perinatal bereavement class, which was subsequently taught using a team-based cooperative learning approach. EMI course content should focus on topics closely related to the life experiences of students and transcultural themes to promote resonance through the interactive process of team-based cooperative learning and increase learning motivation and interest. In the developed EMI class, the students expressed a desire to improve their English-language proficiency, gained a preliminary understanding of transcultural perinatal bereavement care, and gave p

PURPOSE.  This paper aims to clarify the concept of social capital within a health context using Rodgers's (2000) Evolutionary Method. SOURCE.  Published literature. CONCLUSIONS.  The analysis demonstrates that social capital is the intangible assets, including trust, networks, and social norms of reciprocity, possessed by a society within a specific culture. When a unit (individual or a family) increases its sense of community or quality of community participation, this could increase its social capital. The result of this analysis provides a guide for further conceptual and empirical research and clinical practice.

Women who undergo vaginal birth apply uterine fundal pressure during the second stage of labor. Uterine fundal pressure is done manually with the practitioner's forearms, elbows, or palms pressed on the uterine fundus at a 30° to 45° angle to the maternal spine in the direction of the pelvis. The pressure is applied in the longitudinal direction. Gentle, firm, and steady pressure is recommended. The various side effects of applying uterine fundal pressure include: uterine rupture, postpartum urinary retention, severe perineal trauma and pain, rib fracture, postpartum dyspareunia, and potential neonatal distress or trauma. Therefore, caution is recommended in the application of uterine fundal pressure. Thus, only well-trained and experienced medical staff or nurses should be allowed to practice this intervention.

Healthcare providers use distinct medical terminology to communicate in professional healthcare settings in Taiwan. Moreover, nursing students understand the importance of acquiring a good command of this medical terminology to the development of their professional careers. Thus, using proper teaching strategies to boost student participation and interest in their studies is an important responsibility and task. Social Learning Theory has been widely used in education. According to this theory, learners learn about new models of behavior and modify old models through observation and imitation. Moreover, they gain opportunities for observation and imitation through social interaction. Team-based games that are based on this theory are designed to enhance interest in study and interpersonal interaction among learners through peer observation and study and help promote active learning and group study. This article describes the use of a team-based game to teach the strategies involved in selecting medical terminologies commonly used in clinical settings. This game has earned positive responses and evaluations from students. Nursing teachers may design diversified team-based games and use this teaching strategy to teach medical terminology as well as other subjects.

對於技職護理教育者而言，如何讓世界走進尚未有機會進行海外學習，體驗不同文化的學生之生活，增加這群學生對世界的認識，在英語授課的護理課程中融入國際健康照護元素，藉以增加學生的跨文化素養，並提升學生願意使用英語學習護理專業知識的風氣與動機，這是值得思考與努力的方向。本課程的學習者為技職護理系的學生，這群學生已經具有產科護理學的先備知識，但大部分尚未學習周產期傷慟關懷之相關內容。本課程是運用綜合學習系統進行英語授課（English as a medium of instruction, EMI）周產期傷慟關懷課程之規劃，以小組合作學習方式進行。建議在課程內容設計上，可選擇與學生生活歷練有關或是跨文化的主題，透過小組合作學習的互動產生共鳴，進而引發學習動機與興趣，未來有機會能運用在護理專業中。在此次EMI教學過程中，學生們表達希望提升自身英文程度的渴望，同時也習得對不同文化的周產期傷慟關懷之初步認識，對這堂課則有正向的肯定與回饋，此皆可做為EMI護理課程之參考。

在自然產的第二產程執行子宮底施壓是運用「推」的方式，在面對產婦脊椎，角度為30至45度往骨盆的縱向方向，以手臂／手肘或手掌直接放置在生產婦女的子宮底的位置，以溫柔、有力和穩定的人工施壓方式來協助分娩。子宮底施壓可能造成的潛在風險有：子宮破裂、產後尿滯留、會陰嚴重撕裂傷與疼痛、肋骨斷裂、產後性交不適與潛在新生兒窘迫或損傷的情況。因此建議臨床上施行這項措施必須小心謹慎，且執行者應是具有相關專業訓練與經驗的醫護人員。

在台灣的醫療工作環境中，「醫學術語」是醫療從業人員之間溝通交流的共同語言，護生們也一致認為運用醫學術語的能力可以協助其護理專業的發展，運用合適的學習理論與教學策略，提升學生對該課程的參與度及學習興趣是一項重要的教學責任與工作。社會學習理論已被廣泛運用於教學領域，此理論提到學習者藉由觀察與模仿，學習新的行為模式及修正舊的行為模式，並透過社會互動，得到觀察與模仿的機會。小組遊戲正是運用此社會學習理論的觀點來進行，藉由同儕觀察與學習來提升學習者的學習興趣與人際互動，有助於達成「主動學習」與「同儕學習」。因此，筆者於「醫學術語」課程中運用「小組遊戲」為教學策略之一，學生亦肯定此教學模式，且有助於提升學習成效。護理教師可設計多樣化的小組遊戲並運用此教學策略於醫學術語或其他科目。

There are about 4000 new hip fracture patients in Taiwan each year, and osteoporosis is the number one cause for these fractures. But, there has been no research article related to osteoporosis preventive behavior among Hakka living in countryside in Taiwan. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to assess osteoporosis preventive behavior; to measure the relationship among factors influencing OPB; to measure a model of factors influencing OPB; and to predict the direct and indirect effects of personal and social factors on OPB among Hakka living in Taichung County in Taiwan. The development of a theoretical model of factors influencing osteoporosis preventive behavior was based on the Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1986, 1997, 2004) and the conceptual framework for addressing the social context of health behavior (Sorensen et al., 2003). According to the reviewed literature, the factors influencing osteoporosis preventive behavior include personal factors (age, educational level, self-efficacy for calcium intake, self-efficacy for exercise, and knowledge of osteoporosis); and social factors (social support and social capital). The outcome variables are calcium intake and exercise. This was a non-experimental, cross-sectional design. Convenience and snowball sampling were used in this study. In all, 243 participants were recruited. Path analysis was used to assess and modify the theoretical model and to test all the paths between exogenous variables and endogenous variables. The goodness-of-fit indicators of the final model showed that X2 was 26.99 with 21 degrees of freedom; the P-value for this model was. 17; goodness-of-fit index (GFI) was .98; adjusted goodness-of-fit index (AGFI) was .95; normed fit index (NFI) was .96; non-normed fit index (NNFI) was .98; and comparative fit index (CFI) was .99. The results suggested that the final model fit the data well. The final model demonstrated that the personal factors and environmental factors directly and indirectly influenced osteoporosis preventive behavior. It may provide guidance for the design of future nursing interventions, research and education related to osteoporosis prevention.

For the assessment of sarcopenia or other geriatric frailty syndromes, psoas major area may be one of the primary indicators. Aim to develop and cross-validate the psoas cross-sectional area estimation equation of L3-L4 of the elderly over 60 years old by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Ninety-two older adults with normal mobility were enrolled (47 females, 45 males), and were randomly divided into a modeling group (MG, n = 62) and validation group (VG, n = 30). Computed tomography (CT) was used to measure the psoas major area at the’ L3-L4 lumbar vertebrae height as a predictor. Estimated variables were height (h), whole body impedance (Z whole ), whole body impedance index (h 2 /Z whole , WBI), age, gender (female = 0, male = 1), and body weight (weight) by standing BIA. Relevant variables were estimated using stepwise regression analysis. Model performance was confirmed by cross-validation. BIA estimation equation for PMM obtained from the MG was: (PMM BIA = 0.183 h 2 /Z– 0.223 age + 4.443 gender + 5.727, r 2 = 0.702, n = 62, SEE = 2.432 cm 2 , p < 0.001). The correlation coefficient r obtained by incorporating the VG data into the PMM equation was 0.846, and the LOA ranged from -4.55 to 4.75 cm 2 . PMM BIA and PMM CT both correlate highly with MG or VG with small LOA. The fast and convenient standing BIA for measuring PMM may be a promising method that is worth developing.

SiO2 was used as the current blocking layer (CBL) during fabricating the InGaN/GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The SiO2 film was prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) at a lower temperature (LT) of 180 °C and a higher temperature (HT) of 280 °C for characterizing the reliability of LEDs. The degradation of output power in LT-CBL LED is as high as 6.8% during 1000 h in the high-temperature and humidity (85 °C/85 RH) condition. Experimental results demonstrate the low temperature grown CBL forms a larger side-wall angle via wet etching. The thinner side-wall ITO film cracks and the current spreading effect is suppressed, causing drastic power degradation. On the contrary, the HT-CBL SiO2 demonstrates optimal step coverage of ITO film for current spreading and then the HT-CBL LEDs slightly degrade as low as 5% in the accelerated reliability test. A dense quality of HT-CBL SiO2 as well as a good CBL decreased parasitic optical absorption in the p-pad electrode and p-finger. Besides, the HT-CBL SiO2 showed a small side-wall angle of 40 which increased the step coverage and current spreading of ITO. An approach is conducted to confirm the side-wall profile of CBL for each process.