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Metastasis can occur following surgical resection of solid tumors and metastasis is the main cause of cancer death. The role of anesthetics used during surgery in cancer metastasis and the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Here we show that surgical dissection of primary tumors in mice under anesthesia with sevoflurane leads to significantly more lung metastasis than with propofol in both syngeneic murine 4T1 and xenograft human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer models. Sevoflurane increases the level of serum IL-6, which activates STAT3 and the infiltration of CD11b+ myeloid cells into the lung. Interruption of IL-6/JAK/STAT3 pathway by a JAK inhibitor AZD1480 reverses the pro-metastatic effect of sevoflurane and the associated increase of both activated STAT3 and infiltrated CD11b+ cells in 4T1 model. Our study provides the preclinical evidence informing the distinct effects of anesthetics on metastasis of breast cancers through change of cytokines and the tumor microenvironment. The effects of anesthetics on cancer metastasis are largely unknown. Here, the authors show in two preclinical mouse models that surgical resection of primary tumours under anesthesia with sevoflurane leads to more lung metastases than with propofol and that such distinct effects are associated with change of cytokines and modulation of myeloid cells in the lung.

Heteroatomic substitution and vacancy engineering of spinel oxides can theoretically optimize the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) through charge redistribution and d‐band center modification but still remain a great challenge in both the preparation and catalytic mechanism. Herein, we proposed a novel and efficient Ar‐plasma (P)‐assisted strategy to construct heteroatom Mo‐substituted and oxygen vacancies enriched hierarchical spinel Co3O4 porous nanoneedle arrays in situ grown on carbon cloth (denoted P‐Mo‐Co3O4@CC) to improve the OER performance. Ar‐plasma technology can efficiently generate vacancy sites at the surface of hydroxide, which induces the anchoring of Mo anion salts through electrostatic interaction, finally facilitating the substitution of Mo atoms and the formation of oxygen vacancies on the Co3O4 surface. The P‐Mo‐Co3O4@CC affords a low overpotential of only 276 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for the OER, which is 58 mV superior to that of Mo‐free Co3O4@CC and surpasses commercial RuO2 catalyst. The robust stability and satisfactory selectivity (nearly 100% Faradic efficiency) of P‐Mo‐Co3O4@CC for the OER are also demonstrated. Theoretical studies demonstrate that Mo with variable valance states can efficiently regulates the atomic ratio of Co3+/Co2+ and increases the number of oxygen vacancies, thereby inducing charge redistribution and tuning the d‐band center of Co3O4, which improve the adsorption energy of oxygen intermediates (e.g., *OOH) on P‐Mo‐Co3O4@CC during OER. Furthermore, the two‐electrode OER//HER electrolyzer equipped with P‐Mo‐Co3O4@CC as anode displays a low operation potential of 1.54 V to deliver a current density of 10 mA cm−2, and also exhibits good reversibility and anticurrent fluctuation ability under simulated real energy supply conditions, demonstrating the great potential of P‐Mo‐Co3O4@CC in water electrolysis. Heteroatom Mo‐doped Co3O4 porous nanoneedle arrays in situ growth on carbon cloth (P‐Mo‐Co3O4@CC) are fabricated by a novel and efficient Ar‐plasma (P)‐assisted strategy. Benefiting from the Mo‐doping modulated electronic structure and oxygen vacancies, the P‐Mo‐Co3O4@CC weakens the adsorption to oxygen‐containing intermediates and thus effectively promotes the OER progress. As a result, the P‐Mo‐Co3O4@CC catalyst demonstrates very low overpotentials (276/314 mV at 10/50 mA cm−2), good selectivity (nearly 100% Faradic efficiency), and robust stability, as well as practical potential in water splitting.

This study evaluated the water resource utilization efficiency and resource consumption for planting, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery in various regions of China. Using the super-efficiency Slacks-Based Measure (SBM) analysis method, the main agricultural pollution emissions (Chemical Oxygen Demand, ammonia nitrogen, and agricultural carbon emissions) were proposed as environmental constraints for the first time. The threshold regression model was used to measure the impact of agricultural water use efficiency on agricultural water consumption by constructing seven different explanatory variables. The results show that the overall utilization efficiency of agricultural water resources in China presents a fluctuating downward trend, and the regional differences are significant. A single threshold effect on agricultural water consumption was found in five variables: per capita water resources, disposable income, dependence on foreign trade, industrial structure, and Gross Domestic Product. The increase in each parameter will have a positive effect on agricultural water consumption. The relationship between agricultural water use efficiency and agricultural water use was non-linear when the government's attention and the rural labor force were used as threshold variables.

Background Previous studies suggest that septic patients often have elevated triglyceride levels due to various factors, and higher levels may indicate a poorer prognosis. However, few studies have investigated whether lower triglycerides are associated with a better prognosis. Methods The Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) database provided all the data. To assess the association between triglycerides and prognosis, we used logistic regression analysis (LR), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and Cox proportional hazards models. Results Inclusion criteria were met by a total of 804 patients with a mean triglyceride of 103 mg/dL. We found that patients had a higher risk of 30-day ICU mortality when triglycerides were in the second quartile (74–103 mg/dL). Interestingly, this group of patients seems to benefit more from the use of atorvastatin. Conclusion Our study showed that septic patients with triglyceride levels in the second quartile (74–103 mg/dL) have a higher 30-day ICU mortality rate compared to those with triglyceride levels in other quartiles.

The data saturation problem in Landsat imagery is well recognized and is regarded as an important factor resulting in inaccurate forest aboveground biomass (AGB) estimation. However, no study has examined the saturation values for different vegetation types such as coniferous and broadleaf forests. The objective of this study is to estimate the saturation values in Landsat imagery for different vegetation types in a subtropical region and to explore approaches to improving forest AGB estimation. Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery, digital elevation model data, and field measurements in Zhejiang province of Eastern China were used. Correlation analysis and scatterplots were first used to examine specific spectral bands and their relationships with AGB. A spherical model was then used to quantitatively estimate the saturation value of AGB for each vegetation type. A stratification of vegetation types and/or slope aspects was used to determine the potential to improve AGB estimation performance by developing a specific AGB estimation model for each category. Stepwise regression analysis based on Landsat spectral signatures and textures using grey-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) was used to develop AGB estimation models for different scenarios: non-stratification, stratification based on either vegetation types, slope aspects, or the combination of vegetation types and slope aspects. The results indicate that pine forest and mixed forest have the highest AGB saturation values (159 and 152 Mg/ha, respectively), Chinese fir and broadleaf forest have lower saturation values (143 and 123 Mg/ha, respectively), and bamboo forest and shrub have the lowest saturation values (75 and 55 Mg/ha, respectively). The stratification based on either vegetation types or slope aspects provided smaller root mean squared errors (RMSEs) than non-stratification. The AGB estimation models based on stratification of both vegetation types and slope aspects provided the most accurate estimation with the smallest RMSE of 24.5 Mg/ha. Relatively low AGB (e.g., less than 40 Mg/ha) sites resulted in overestimation and higher AGB (e.g., greater than 140 Mg/ha) sites resulted in underestimation. The smallest RMSE was obtained when AGB was 80–120 Mg/ha. This research indicates the importance of stratification in mitigating the data saturation problem, thus improving AGB estimation.

In this paper, we consider the following two-dimensional chemotaxis system of attraction–repulsion with indirect signal production tu=Δu−∇·χ1u∇v1+∇·(χ2u∇v2),x∈R2,t>0,0=Δvj−λjvj+w,x∈R2,t>0,(j=1,2), tw+δw=u,x∈R2,t>0,u(0,x)=u0(x),w(0,x)=w0(x),x∈R2, where the parameters χi≥0, λi>0(i=1,2) and non-negative initial data (u0(x),w0(x))∈L1(R2)∩L∞(R2). We prove the global bounded solution exists when the attraction is more dominant than the repulsion in the case of χ1≥χ2. At the same time, we propose that when the radial solution satisfies χ1−χ2≤2πδ∥u0∥L1(R2)+∥w0∥L1(R2), the global solution is bounded. During the proof process, we found that adding indirect signals can constrict the blow-up of the global solution.

Exosomes, small membrane vesicles （30-100 nm） of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types, contain functional biomolecules, which can be horizontally transferred to recipient cells [1]. Exosomes bear a specific protein and lipid composition, and carry a select set of functional mRNAs and microRNAs [2]. Recently, our group has shown that c-Met shed in exosomes can promote a proangiogenic and prometastatic phenotype in bone marrow-derived progenitor cells during melanoma progression [3]. In previous research, retrotransposon RNA transcripts, single-stranded DNA （ssDNA）,

Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) remains a significant health burden, particularly in regions with scarce healthcare resources, research on its immunological aspects remains insufficient. This study employed a two-sample Mendelian Randomization approach, utilizing GWAS data from the largest available datasets for gut microbiota and immune cells as exposures, with outcome data for Rheumatic Valve Diseases (RVD) and Rheumatic Heart Disease affecting other parts of the heart (RHD-other) obtained from the FinnGen study. The primary analytical method was the Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW) approach, complemented by heterogeneity analyses and MR-Egger regression to assess horizontal pleiotropy. Furthermore, a two-step mediation analysis was conducted to investigate the potential mediating role of immune cells in the association between gut microbiota and RHD. This study revealed significant inverse associations between gut microbiota abundance and Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) risk. Specifically, the gut abundance of genus Blautia was negatively correlated with RHD-other risk (P_IVW: 0.00932, OR [95%CI]: 0.000734[3.22e-06, 0.16937]), and genus Ruminococcaceae UCG005 showed a similar negative association (P_IVW: 0.038, OR [95%CI]: 0.165[0.02994, 0.90811]). Additionally, the proportions of CD4-CD8- T cell %leukocyte and CD4-CD8- T cell %T cell were inversely related to RHD-other risk (P_IVW: 0.02222, OR [95%CI]: 5.08027 [1.26133, 20.46191] and P: 0.01601, OR[95%CI]: 6.55576 [1.4196, 30.27582], respectively). Moreover, IgD on IgD + CD24 + B cells was found to be negatively correlated with RHD-other risk (P_IVW: 0.01867, OR [95%CI]: 2.17171 [1.1380, 4.14443]). The study also highlighted the protective effects of gut microbiota through mediation analyses: Blautia’s impact via IgD on IgD + CD24 + B cells showed a mediation proportion of 8.62514%; Ruminococcaceae UCG005’s influence via CD4-CD8- T cell %T cell and CD4-CD8- T cell %leukocyte resulted in mediation proportions of 35.25817% and 30.86827%, respectively. Significant inverse associations were observed between gut microbiota abundance and risk of Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD), with specific findings for Rheumatic Valve Disease (RVD) and RHD affecting other parts of the heart (RHD-other). For RHD-other, higher abundance of Blautia (OR: 0.0007, 95% CI: 3.22e-06 to 0.169, p  = 0.009) and Ruminococcaceae UCG005 (OR: 0.165, 95% CI: 0.030 to 0.908, p  = 0.038) were associated with lower risk. Additionally, lower proportions of CD4-CD8- T cells (%leukocyte and %T cell) and IgD on IgD + CD24 + B cells were inversely related to RHD-other risk (ORs: 5.08 and 6.56, p  = 0.022 and p  = 0.016, respectively). For RVD, higher abundance of Candidatus Soleaferrea was protective (OR: 0.670, 95% CI: 0.460 to 0.976, p  = 0.037), while higher levels of CD11c on granulocytes were associated with increased risk (OR: 1.310, 95% CI: 1.023 to 1.679, p  = 0.032). Mediation analyses indicated that gut microbiota influence RHD risk through distinct immune pathways, with Blautia affecting RHD-other via IgD on B cells (8.62% mediation), Ruminococcaceae UCG005 via CD4-CD8- T cells (%T cell: 35.26%, %leukocyte: 30.87%). Genus Candidatus Soleaferrea affecting RVD through CD11c on granulocyte (15.01% mediation). The study concludes that higher gut abundance of Candidatus Soleaferrea protects against RVD through the mechanism involving CD11c on granulocytes. Additionally, Blautia exerts a protective effect against RHD-other through its influence on IgD on IgD + CD24 + B cells. Similarly, the abundance of genus Ruminococcaceae UCG005 provides protection against RHD-other by influencing CD4-CD8- T cell %T cell and CD4-CD8- T cell %leukocyte.

Background Breast cancer accounts for nearly a quarter of all cancers in women worldwide, and more than 90% of women diagnosed with breast cancer undergo mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery. Retrospective clinical studies have suggested that use of regional anesthesia leads to improved patient outcomes. Laboratory studies have reported that breast cancer cells are inhibited by some local anesthetics at millimolar concentration. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the effects of six common local anesthetics on two human breast cancer cell lines. We used concentrations ranging from those corresponding to plasma levels during regional block by local anesthetic (plasma concentration) to those corresponding to direct infiltration of local anesthetic. Methods Human breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MCF7, were incubated with each of six local anesthetics (lidocaine, mepivacaine, ropivacaine, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and chloroprocaine) (10 μM ~ 10 mM) for 6 to 72 h. Assays for cell viability, cytotoxicity, migration, and cell cycle were performed. Results High concentrations (> 1 mM) of local anesthetics applied to either MDA-MB-231 or MCF7 cells for 48 h significantly inhibited cell viability and induced cytotoxicity. At plasma concentrations (~ 10 μM) for 72 h, none of the local anesthetics affected cell viability or migration in either cell line. However, at 10 × plasma concentrations, 72-h exposure to bupivacaine, levobupivacaine or chloroprocaine inhibited the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells by > 40% ( p  < 0.001). Levobupivacaine also inhibited the viability of MCF7 cells by 50% (p < 0.001). None of the local anesthetics affected the viability of a non-cancerous breast cell line, MCF10A. MDA-MB-231 cell migration was inhibited by 10 × plasma concentrations of levobupivacaine, ropivacaine or chloroprocaine and MCF7 cell migration was inhibited by mepivacaine and levobupivacaine ( p  < 0.05). Cell cycle analysis showed that the local anesthetics arrest MDA-MB-231 cells in the S phase at both 1 × and 10 × plasma concentrations. Conclusions Local anesthetics at high concentrations significantly inhibited breast cancer cell survival. At 10 × plasma concentrations, the effect of local anesthetics on cancer cell viability and migration depended on the exposure time, specific local anesthetic, specific measurement endpoint and specific cell line.

Background Asian rice is one of the world’s most widely cultivated crops. Large-scale resequencing analyses have been undertaken to explore the domestication and de-domestication genomic history of Asian rice, but the evolution of rice is still under debate. Results Here, we construct a syntelog-based rice pan-genome by integrating and merging 74 high-accuracy genomes based on long-read sequencing, encompassing all ecotypes and taxa of Oryza sativa and Oryza rufipogon . Analyses of syntelog groups illustrate subspecies divergence in gene presence-and-absence and haplotype composition and identify massive genomic regions putatively introgressed from ancient Geng/ japonica to ancient Xian/ indica or its wild ancestor, including almost all well-known domestication genes and a 4.5-Mbp centromere-spanning block, supporting a single domestication event in main rice subspecies. Genomic comparisons between weedy and cultivated rice highlight the contribution from wild introgression to the emergence of de-domestication syndromes in weedy rice. Conclusions This work highlights the significance of inter-taxa introgression in shaping diversification and divergence in rice evolution and provides an exploratory attempt by utilizing the advantages of pan-genomes in evolutionary studies.