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There is significant inter-individual variability in the prevalence and severity of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity, which is greatly influenced by genetic and non-genetic factors that predispose the patient to the development of hearing loss. Currently, the focus should be on identifying patients who are more likely to develop ototoxicity based on genetic and non-genetic factors, as therapies to combat ototoxicity are limited or still under study. The severity of hearing loss and the time of its onset may be influenced by certain genetic polymorphisms or the dose administered, age, sex, diet, the administration of other drugs with ototoxic potential, and association with radiotherapy of the head and neck. Knowing the risk factors allows the doctor to manage each case in a personalized manner, preventing hearing damage, especially in the long term. With the help of PubMed and Scopus, we searched for relevant studies documenting the genetic and non-genetic risk in patients treated with cisplatin. This review article is a synthesis of the literature that points out the importance of these factors, encouraging genetic screening and improving quality of life in patients treated with cisplatin.

Despite the early recognition of obesity as an epidemic with global implications, research on its pathogenesis and therapeutic approach is still on the rise. The literature of the 21st century records an excess weight found in up to 1/3 of children. Both the determining factors and its systemic effects are multiple and variable. Regarding its involvement in the potentiation of cardio-vascular, pulmonary, digestive, metabolic, neuro-psychic or even dermatological diseases, the information is already broadly outlined. The connection between the underlying disease and the associated comorbidities seems to be partially attributable to oxidative stress. In addition to these, and in the light of the recent COVID-19 pandemic, the role played by oxidative stress in the induction, maintenance and potentiation of chronic inflammation among overweight children and adolescents becomes a topic of interest again. Thus, this review’s purpose is to update general data on obesity, with an emphasis on the physiopathological mechanisms that underlie it and involve oxidative stress. At the same time, we briefly present the latest principles of pathology diagnosis and management. Among these, we will mainly emphasize the impact played by endogenous and exogenous antioxidants in the evolutionary course of pediatric obesity. In order to achieve our objectives, we will refer to the most recent studies published in the specialized literature.

Being defined as an autoimmune, chronic pathology, frequently encountered in any age group, but especially in pediatrics, celiac disease (also called gluten enteropathy), is gaining more and more ground in terms of diagnosis, but also interest in research. The data from the literature of the last decades attest the chameleonic way of its presentation, there may be both classic onset symptoms and atypical symptoms. Given the impact played by celiac disease, especially in the optimal growth and development of children, the current narrative review aims to highlight the atypical presentation methods, intended to guide the clinician towards the inclusion of the pathology in the differential diagnosis scheme. To these we add the summary presentation of the general data and therapeutic lines regarding the underlying condition and the existing comorbidities. In order to place the related information up to date, we performed a literature review of the recent articles published in international databases. We bring forward the current theories and approaches regarding both classic celiac disease and its atypical manifestations. Among these we note mainly constitutional, skin or mucous, bone, neuro-psychic, renal, reproductive injuries, but also disorders of biological constants and association with multiple autoimmunities. Knowing and correlating them with celiac disease is the key to optimal management of patients, thus reducing the subsequent burden of the disease.

Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is a complex autoimmune disorder characterized by immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, driven by genetic susceptibility and modulated by environmental factors, notably the gut microbiome. Dysbiosis, manifested as reduced microbial diversity, perturbations in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, and compromised short-chain fatty acid production, contributes to T1D pathogenesis through mechanisms involving immune system dysregulation and heightened intestinal permeability. Emerging evidence indicates a relationship between the gut and oral microbiomes, as well as the potential influence of the virome and mycobiome. This narrative review synthesizes the current literature on the intricate interplay between the gut microbial ecosystem, the host immune response, and the development of T1D, highlighting the potential for targeted microbiome-based interventions to ameliorate disease progression. A more nuanced understanding of these multi-kingdom interactions is essential for developing precise therapeutic strategies to prevent or delay T1D onset and to improve patient outcomes through restoration of immune tolerance and gut homeostasis.

Having increased popularity during the Covid-19 pandemic, vitamin D3 is currently impressing thanks to the numerous researches aimed at its interactions with the body’s homeostasis. At the same time, there is a peak in terms of recommendations for supplementation with it. Some of the studies focus on the link between autoimmune diseases and nutritional deficiencies, especially vitamin D3. Since the specialized literature aimed at children (patients between 0-18 years old) is far from equal to the informational diversity of the adult-centered branch, this review aims to bring up to date the relationship between the microbial and nutritional balance and the activity of pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus (pSLE). The desired practical purpose resides in a better understanding and an adequate, individualized management of the affected persons to reduce morbidity. The center of the summary is to establish the impact of hypovitaminosis D in the development and evolution of pediatric lupus erythematosus. We will address aspects related to the two entities of the impact played by vitamin D3 in the pathophysiological cascade of lupus, but also the risk of toxicity and its effects when the deficiency is over supplemented (hypervitaminosis D). We will debate the relationship of hypovitaminosis D with the modulation of immune function, the potentiation of inflammatory processes, the increase of oxidative stress, the perfusion of cognitive brain areas, the seasonal incidence of SLE and its severity. Finally, we review current knowledge, post-pandemic, regarding the hypovitaminosis D – pSLE relationship.

Background/Objectives: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) describes the situation of a fetus that fails to reach its genetic growth potential. Postnatal catch-up growth represents a central adaptive process, yet its timing and magnitude vary widely and may influence one individual’s state of health and later metabolic risk. This study aimed to characterize longitudinal growth trajectories from birth to 10 years in children born at term, affected antenatally by growth restriction, with a particular focus on the influence of sex and FGR severity on catch-up growth. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study including 170 term-born children with documented FGR, admitted to a tertiary pediatric center between 2019 and 2023. Anthropometric data (weight, length/height, BMI) at birth, 1, 2, 5, and 10 years were converted to World Health Organization (WHO) age- and sex-adjusted z-scores. Catch-up growth was defined as an increase of >0.67 SD. Participants were stratified by sex and FGR severity (moderate: 10th–3rd percentile; severe: <3rd percentile). Results: Severe FGR infants exhibited significantly lower birth anthropometrics but demonstrated more pronounced early catch-up in weight and length at 1 and 2 years (p < 0.01). By 5 and 10 years, growth trajectories converged between severity groups, with no differences in BMI at any age. Sex influenced absolute anthropometric values but not the probability of achieving catch-up growth. Conclusions: Among term-born FGR infants, severity—but not sex—shapes early postnatal growth. Despite early deficits, most children achieved substantial catch-up, underscoring the need for careful monitoring to support healthy, proportionate growth and mitigate subsequent metabolic risk.

Pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disorder with a highly variable course and prognosis. It results in functional abnormalities in the immune system due to intrinsic factors and the use of immunosuppressive therapies associated with underlying comorbidities seem to increase the risk of severe COVID-19 and poor outcomes of the disease in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. The aim of this review is to obtain a better understanding of the existing link between this new viral infection and pediatric lupus. We have analyzed the characteristics of newly diagnosed cases of pediatric SLE following COVID-19 which have been reported in the literature and which describe the impact that COVID-19 has on patients already suffering with pediatric SLE.

(1) Background: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disease that has autosomal dominant inheritance, being characterized by increased levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) due to a decreased clearance of the circulant LDLs. Alimentation is a key factor in patients with FH. Implementing a restrictive diet may have a significant impact on their quality of life, besides the social and environmental factors. (2) Methods: We realized a prospective study that was conducted in the Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Clinic from the Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital and that included 70 patients with FH and 20 controls (adults with no comorbidities). We evaluated their lipid profile, their quality of life through the Short Form—36 Questionnaire, and their eating habits. (3) Results: Lower scores in the quality-of-life questionnaire were obtained in the FH group both in the case of the physical (73.06 vs. 87.62) and the mental component (75.95 vs. 83.10). Women had better physical function (85 vs. 75) and physical role than men (100 vs. 75). The group aged over 65 has the score lowest for all 10 components. Overeating was driven by boredom and was more frequent on weekends in the FH group. None of the patients in the control group felt loneliness or depression associated with overeating. (4) Conclusions: Overeating in patients with FH is associated with a lower quality of life. The complexity of these patients needs a multidisciplinary approach. Thus, the quality-of-life questionnaire should be implemented in their periodic follow-ups in order to increase their general status, paying special attention to geriatric patients.

Honey bees are renowned for producing a remarkable substance known as bee honey, which stands as a functional food celebrated for its numerous health benefits. This natural wonder possesses a spectrum of advantageous properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, antibacterial, and wound-healing qualities. However, in our modern era of heightened utilization of bee products, a new and pressing global health concern has emerged—the contamination of honey with pesticides, antibiotics, microorganisms, and heavy metals. The consumption of beekeeping products containing pesticide residues has been linked to a range of health issues, including genetic malformations, cellular degradation, allergic reactions, and even potential carcinogenic effects. Troublingly, documented cases exist of botulism in newborns resulting from the ingestion of contaminated honey. Additionally, the use of antibiotics in beekeeping practices has been associated with the concerning emergence of antibiotic resistance. This comprehensive review sheds light on the substantial consequences of honey contamination for human health. It underscores the urgent need for the establishment of a rigorous monitoring system, the validation of minimum acceptable pollutant levels, and, at the very least, the regulation of maximum residue limits for bee products, with a particular emphasis on bee honey.

Diabetes is a complex condition with a rising global incidence, and its impact is equally evident in pediatric practice. Regardless of whether we are dealing with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, the development of complications following the onset of the disease is inevitable. Consequently, contemporary medicine must concentrate on understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms driving systemic decline and on finding ways to address them. We are particularly interested in the effects of oxidative stress on target cells and organs, such as pancreatic islets, the retina, kidneys, and the neurological or cardiovascular systems. Our goal is to explore, using the latest data from international scientific databases, the relationship between oxidative stress and the development or persistence of systemic damage associated with diabetes in children. Additionally, we highlight the beneficial roles of antioxidants such as vitamins, minerals, polyphenols, and other bioactive molecules; in mitigating the pathogenic cascade, detailing how they intervene and their bioactive properties. As a result, our study provides a comprehensive exploration of the key aspects of the oxidative stress-antioxidants-pediatric diabetes triad, expanding understanding of their significance in various systemic diseases.