Explore the vast range of titles available.

Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB), which includes both upper GIB (variceal and non-variceal) and lower GIB, represents a significant cause of emergency department referrals. Given the potential risks of blood transfusion, re-bleeding, and mortality in these patients, it is essential to establish a system for prioritizing critical patients. Several risk stratification scoring systems have been developed based on patients' clinical characteristics and/or endoscopic findings. However, the optimal scoring system for each clinical scenario remains uncertain. In this study, we design the first comprehensive review and compare almost all of the upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB), as well as lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) risk stratification scoring systems individually regarding their advantages, disadvantages, and limitations.

There is a growing interest in utilizing 3D culture models for stem cell and cancer cell research due to their closer resemblance to in vivo environments. In this study, human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were cultured using adipocytes and osteocytes as differentiative mediums on varying concentrations of chitosan substrate. Light microscopy was employed to capture cell images from the first day to the 21st day of differentiation. Accurate image segmentation is crucial for analyzing the morphological features of the spheroids during the experimental period and for understanding MSC differentiation dynamics for therapeutic applications. Therefore, we developed an innovative, weakly supervised model, aided by convolutional neural networks, to perform label-free spheroid segmentation. Since obtaining pixel-level ground truth labels through manual annotation is labor-intensive, our approach improves the overall quality of the ground-truth map by incorporating a multi-stage process within a weakly supervised learning framework. Additionally, we developed a robust learning scheme for spheroid detection, providing a reliable foundation to study MSC differentiation dynamics. The proposed framework was systematically evaluated using low-resolution microscopic data and challenging, noisy backgrounds. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our segmentation approach in accurately separating the spheroid from the background. Furthermore, it achieves performance comparable to fully supervised state-of-the-art approaches. To quantitatively evaluate our algorithm, extensive experiments were conducted using available annotated data, confirming the reliability and robustness of our method. Our computationally extracted features can confirm the experimental results regarding alterations in MSC viability, attachment, and differentiation dynamics among the substrates with three concentrations of chitosan used. We observed the formation of more compact spheroids with higher solidity and convex area, resulting improved cell attachment and viability on the 2% chitosan substrate. Additionally, this substrate exhibited a higher propensity for differentiation into osteocytes, as evidenced by the formation of smaller and more ellipsoid spheroids. Highlights \"Chitosan biofilms mimic in vivo environments for stem cell culture, advancing therapeutic and fundamental applications.” \"Innovative weakly supervised model enables label-free spheroid segmentation in stem cell differentiation studies.” \"Robust learning scheme achieves accurate spheroid separation, comparable to state-of-the-art approaches.”

Background Burn injuries are considered one of the most preventable public health issue among children; however, are a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in Iran. The aim of this study was to assess individual-level predictors of severe burn injuries among children leading to hospitalization, in East Azerbaijan Province, in North-West of Iran. Methods The study was conducted through a hospital based case–control design involving 281 burn victims and 273 hospital-based controls who were frequency matched on age, gender and urbanity. Both bivariate and multivariate methods were used to analyze the data. Results Mean age of the participants was 40.5 months (95 % CI: 37–44) with the majority of burns occurring at ages between 2 months-13.9 years. It was demonstrated that with increase in the caregiver’s age there was a decrease in the odds of burn injuries (OR = 0.94, 95 % CI: 0.92-0.97). According to the multivariate logistic regression there were independent factors associated with burn injuries including childhood ADHD (OR = 2.82, 95 % CI: 1.68 - 4.76), child’s age (OR = 0.73, 95%CI: 0.67 - 0.80), flammability of clothing (OR = 1.60, 95 % CI: 1.12 - 2.28), daily length of watching television (OR = 1.31, 95 % CI: 1.06 - 1.61), playing outdoors (OR = 1.32, 95 % CI: 1.16 - 1.50) and increment in the economic status (OR = 1.37, 95 % CI: 1.18 - 1.60). Conclusion Major risk predictors of burn injuries among the Iranian population included childhood ADHD, child’s age, watching television, playing outdoors, high economic status and flammable clothing.

Objectives Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress causes adipose tissue dysfunction and chronic inflammation in obesity. Royal jelly (RJ) and tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) are reported to ameliorate inflammation. However, the improving effects of RJ and TRF on inflammation from ER stress modulating view have not been assessed so far. Hence, we investigated the effect of RJ and TRF on ER stress and some adipose tissue-derived inflammatory markers in the high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. Wistar obese rats randomly allocated into 5 groups: HFD, calorie restriction diet (CRD), RJ + CRD, TRF + CRD, RJ + TRF + CRD. After 8-week intervention, adipose tissues and hypothalamus were dissected and serum was collected. Results RJ reduced glucose-regulated protein-78 (GRP78) expression as ER stress indicator in WAT and hypothalamus compared to CRD. Besides, RJ diminished the expression of inflammatory markers in white adipose tissue (WAT) and also decreased the serum concentration of them. TRF reduced inflammatory markers in the serum without remarkable effects on ER stress. Overall, RJ has protective effect against adipose tissue dysfunction and inflammation then suggested as a therapeutic approach to reduce some obesity-related complications. The impact of TRF in this regard is lower than RJ and limited to systemic inflammation improvement without remarkable changes in adipose tissue inflammation.

Musculoskeletal disorders are common problems among dentists. These conditions may lead to inappropriate postures and impairment in physical and psychological function. On the other hand, poor postures and inappropriate ergonomic may result in a wide variety of musculoskeletal disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of common postural disorders of the spine and shoulder girdle among the dentists and possible correlations between demographic, anthropometric and occupational characteristics with these abnormal postures. In a cross-sectional study, 96 dental staff including academic staff, residents and senior students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences was enrolled. Data were collected using a questionnaire and posture assessment tools such as plumb-line, checkerboard and flexible ruler. Data analysis was done with SPSS version 17. The prevalence of the forward head posture (FHP), rounded shoulder posture (RSP), scoliosis and hyperlordosis were reported in 85.5%, 68.8%, 18.8% and 17.3% of the participants, respectively. A significant correlation was found between gender and FHP (P = 0.04) and also scoliosis (P = 0.009). On the other hand, a significant correlation was seen between weight and hyperlordosis (P = 0.007). Our study revealed a high prevalence of postural disorders especially FHP, RSP and scoliosis among Iranian dental staff. The female dentists were less susceptible to FHP and scoliosis.

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders are common problems among dentists. These conditions may lead to inappropriate postures and impairment in physical and psychological function. On the other hand, poor postures and inappropriate ergonomicmay result in a wide variety of musculoskeletal disorders. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of common postural disorders of the spine and shoulder girdle among the dentists and possible correlations between demographic, anthropometric and occupational characteristics with these abnormal postures. Patients and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 96 dental staff including academic staff, residents and senior students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences was enrolled. Data were collected using a questionnaire and posture assessment tools such as plumbline, checkerboard and flexible ruler. Data analysis was done with SPSS version 17. Results: The prevalence of the forward head posture (FHP), rounded shoulder posture (RSP), scoliosis and hyperlordosis were reported in 85.5%, 68.8%, 18.8% and 17.3% of the participants, respectively. A significant correlation was found between gender and FHP (P = 0.04) and also scoliosis (P = 0.009). On the other hand, a significant correlation was seen between weight and hyperlordosis (P = 0.007). Conclusions: Our study revealed a high prevalence of postural disorders especially FHP, RSP and scoliosis among Iranian dental staff. The female dentists were less susceptible to FHP and scoliosis. Keywords: Musculoskeletal Disorders, Forward Head Posture, Rounded Shoulder, Hyperlordosis, Scoliosis, Kyphosis, Dentists, Iran

Objectives: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress causes adipose tissue dysfunction and chronic inflammation in obesity. Royal jelly (RJ) and tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) are reported to ameliorate inflammation. However, the improving effects of RJ and TRF on inflammation from ER stress modulating view have not been assessed so far. Hence, we investigated the effect of RJ and TRF on ER stress and some adipose tissue-derived inflammatory markers in the high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. Wistar obese rats randomly allocated into 5 groups: HFD, calorie restriction diet (CRD), RJ+CRD, TRF+CRD, RJ+TRF+CRD. After 8-week intervention, adipose tissues and hypothalamus were dissected and serum was collected. Results: RJ reduced glucose-regulated protein-78 (GRP78) expression as ER stress indicator in WAT and hypothalamus compared to CRD. Besides, RJ diminished the expression of inflammatory markers in white adipose tissue (WAT) and also decreased the serum concentration of them. TRF reduced inflammatory markers in the serum without remarkable effects on ER stress. Overall, RJ has protective effect against adipose tissue dysfunction and inflammation then suggested as a therapeutic approach to reduce some obesity-related complications. The impact of TRF in this regard is lower than RJ and limited to systemic inflammation improvement without remarkable changes in adipose tissue inflammation.

Background: Obesity has reached an alarming rate worldwide. Promoting thermogenesis via increasing brown adipose tissue (BAT) function or white adipose tissue (WAT) browning has been propounded as a new approach to fight against obesity. The goal of the study was to evaluate the effect of Royal Jelly (RJ) and tocotrienol rich fraction (TRF) on BAT activation and WAT browning during calorie restriction diet (CRD) in obesity model. Methods: In this experimental study 50 obese Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups and received one of the following treatments for 8 weeks: High-fat diet (HFD), CRD, RJ+CRD, TRF+CRD, RJ+TRF+CRD. Effects of RJ and TRF, individually and their combination on body weight and the expression of key thermoregulatory genes in WAT, BAT were examined by quantitative real-time (qRT-PCR). Morphological alterations were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results: RJ (-67.21g ±4.84g) and RJ+TRF (-73.29g ±4.51g) significantly reduced weight gain relative to the CRD group (-40.70g ±6.50g, P<0.001). Compared with the CRD group, RJ and RJ+TRF remarkably enhanced the uncoupling protein1 (UCP1) expression in WAT (5.81, 4.72 fold, P<0.001) and BAT (4.99, 4.75 fold, P<0.001). The expression of PR domain containing 16(PRDM 16), cAMP response element-binding protein1 (CREB1), P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (P38MAPK), Bone morphogenetic protein8B (BMP8B) increased significantly following RJ and RJ+TRF treatment (P<0.001).However, the expression levels of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (CEBPβ) and Bone morphogenetic protein7 (BMP7) did not change remarkably. Multilocular beige cells in WAT and compacted dense adipocytes in BAT of RJ and RJ+TRF received groups were observed. TRF did not demonstrate substantial effects on the expression of mentioned thermoregulatory genes and brown fat-like phenotype. Conclusion: Our results suggest that Royal Jelly promotes thermogenesis and browning of WAT, contributing to an increase in energy expenditure. Thus, Royal Jelly may give rise to a novel dietary choice to attenuate obesity.