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Cervical cancer is a significant public health problem for women worldwide. It is the fourth most frequent cancer in women globally. While early detection of cancerous lesions through screening tests leads to a better prognosis and a better chance of being cured, the number of people who go for screening is still low, especially for groups that are marginalized, like immigrant women. The purpose of this study was to identify cervical cancer screening practices and factors influencing screening status among Yemeni immigrant women living in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. A cross-sectional study among 355 randomly selected respondents between the ages of 20 and 65 was conducted through an online survey. A questionnaire was sent directly to the participants via WhatsApp. The analysis was conducted using SPSS 25 with a significance level of 0.05. It included descriptive analysis, chi-square and multiple logistic regression. The response rate was 59%, with the majority of the respondents being married and between the ages of 35 and 49. Screening was reported at 23.1% in the previous three years. The final model revealed that age group 50-65 years (AOR = 5.39, 95% CI: 1.53-18.93), insurance status (AOR 2.22, 95% CI = 1.15-4.3), knowledge (AOR = 6.67, 95% CI = 3.45-12.9), access to health care facilities (AOR = 4.64, 95% CI = 1.29-16.65), and perceived barriers (AOR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.3-4.83) were significant predictors of cervical screening uptake among Yemeni immigrant women in Malaysia (p<0.05). According to the results, cervical cancer screening was found to be low among Yemeni immigrant women. The predictors were age group 50-65 years, insurance status, knowledge, access to health care facilities and perceived barriers. Efforts to enhance immigrant women's participation in cervical cancer screening must tackle barriers to access to healthcare services as well as expand cervical cancer screening education programs.

Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is an essential measure that is used to assess the effect of chronic disease management on the health status of an individual. Previous studies have identified various instruments used in the measuring of diabetes-specific health-related quality of life (HRQOL). The aim of this paper is to provide a systematic review of the various instruments used for the diabetes-specific measure of HRQOL, and place emphasis on its content and measurement properties. Methods Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was used. A systematic search strategy was used to identify publications reporting diabetes HRQOL measures. The search terms used were: “diabetes quality of life”, “measurements”, and “instruments”. The database that was searched includes PubMed, Science Direct, CINAHL, and Medline. Articles written in the English language and published from January 1990 to December 2020 were included. Those articles that did not measure HRQOL for diabetic patients were excluded. Results: A total of seventeen instruments met the inclusion criteria and included in the review. The appraisal of diabetes scale (ADS), Audit of Diabetes-Dependent QOL measure (ADDQOL), Diabetes Health Profile (DHP), and Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) are more suitable for single-scale questionnaires when investigating one or more specific aspects of diabetes-specific quality of life (QOL). The ADDQOL, ADS, Diabetes Impact Measurement Scales (DIMS), Diabetes Quality of Life Clinical Trial Questionnaire (DQLCTQ-R), Malay Version of Diabetes Quality of Life (DQOL), Iranian Diabetes Quality of Life (IRDQOL), Brief Clinical Inventory, and PAID are relevant measures of HRQOL for insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients. The Asian Diabetes Quality of Life AsianDQOL, The Chinese Short Version of DQOL, Elderly Diabetes Burden Scale (EDBS), Malay Version of Diabetes Quality of Life (DQOL), are relevant measures of HRQOL for NIDDM patients. Only two instruments assess for responsiveness, namely PAID and DQLCTQ-R. In PAID, the effect sizes ranged from 0.32 to 0.65 for interventions. The DQLCTQ-R four domains were responsive to clinical change in metabolic control. Based on this review ADDQOL, DSQOLS, and EDBS psychometric properties are sufficient. Conclusion: Most studies did not check for responsiveness, and future studies should prioritize responsiveness to change, which was not included in the psychometric finding of the reviewed instruments.

Background Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite the fact that several studies have looked at the topic among women in various countries, few studies have attempted to address the significance of cervical cancer screening among immigrant women. This study aims to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of an educational intervention on knowledge, attitude, and practice of cervical screening among Yemeni immigrant women in Klang Valley, Malaysia. The intervention was guided by the Health Belief Model. Methods One hundred and ten Yemeni immigrant women participated in a randomized controlled trial in Klang Valley, Malaysia. The participants were randomly assigned to either the intervention group or the control group. An online health education program on cervical cancer and cervical screening was given to the intervention group participants. Data was gathered at the baseline, immediately after the intervention, and then again 3 months later. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to analyze the data using IBM SPSS software 25.0 in order to evaluate the differential changes over time. Results The results of the study show that there was a significant improvement in cervical cancer screening practice between the intervention (51%) and control groups (9%). In addition, there was a significant improvement in the mean scores of knowledge (0.04 to 0.628), perceived susceptibility (2.82 to 3.652), perceived seriousness (3.02 to 3.650), perceived benefits (2.5 to 3.777), health motivation (2.98 to 3.609) after the intervention compared with the scores before the intervention. Besides, there has been a significant decrease in the barriers to screening (3.6 to 2.795). Conclusions Online educational intervention was effective in improving women’s knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding cervical cancer and its screening. Trial registration This trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) number ACTRN12622001445763 on 11/11/2022.

Malaria is a widespread and prevalent disease that affects human population globally, particularly in tropical countries. Malaria is a major health issue in sub-Saharan Africa and it contributes to morbidity and mortality among individuals in Africa. Pregnant women have been also reported as high risk of people been infected with malaria. This review attempted to evaluate the various methods used for health education programs and the effectiveness of the programs in improving ITNs among pregnant women. Methods  The search involved various databases; EBCOHOST, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane library, ScienceDirect, PubMed, SAGE, Sringer link, Web of Science and Wiley Online Library. It was limited to full text research articles that report intervention studies, written in English Language, published between 2003 to 2022. The key words were “malaria”, “malaria prevention”, “health education”, “insecticide-treated nets”, “utilization”, “pregnant women”. Results  A total of eleven articles met the inclusion criteria and included in the review. Six studies reported randomized controlled trials (RCTs) while five reported non-randomized controlled trials (NRCT). Conclusions  There are evidences from the results which showed that health education programs were improved among pregnant women due to the use of ITNs and LLINS utilization. Furthermore, additional interventions directed at significant others need to be implemented, considering their important role in determining pregnant women’s use of ITNs.

Limited breast cancer screening uptake among women may lead to late-stage diagnosis and reduce the survival rate. Hence, this study was conducted to determine breast cancer screening (BCS) uptake and its association with knowledge, beliefs, and socio-demographic factors among female Yemeni school teachers in Malaysia. A cross-sectional study was conducted as part of a large cluster-randomized controlled trial (CRT) among 180 Yemeni female teachers aged 20 years and above. The sample was selected using cluster sampling from 12 Arabic schools in the Klang Valley area, Malaysia. Data was collected using a validated Arabic questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS 22.0 software. Both descriptive and logistic regression analyses were employed. The logit model with a p-value less than 0.05 was conducted to determine the predictors of BCS uptake. The screening uptake by the study participants was 23.3% ( n  = 42), 21.1% ( n  = 38), and 5.6% ( n  = 10) for breast self-examination (BSE), clinical breast examination (CBE) and mammogram (MMG), respectively. Additionally, the total mean knowledge score was 18.02 (SD = 5.82). Regarding the participants’ beliefs, the mean benefits and mean barriers of BSE were 23.29 (SD = 3.77), and 12.97 (SD = 3.80), respectively. In addition, mean confidence in doing BSE and mean health motivation were 31.85 (SD = 7.17) and 27.95 (SD = 4.22), respectively. Besides, the mean benefits of MMG were 21.26 (SD = 4.07), and the mean barriers to MMG were 14.81 (SD = 2.14). The logit model showed that higher knowledge among study participants increased the probability of performing BSE, CBE, and MMG with (OR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.01–1.17, p  = 0.021), (OR = 1.08, 95% CI 1.00–1.16, p  = 0.036), and (OR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.14–1.91, p  = 0.003), respectively. In addition, the higher confidence level increased the probability of performing BSE (OR = 1.090, 95% CI 1.017–1.168, p  = 0.014). However, more barriers to CBE were associated with a decrease in the probability of performing CBE (OR = 0.892, 95% CI 0.802–0.992, p  = 0.034). Moreover, as the participants got older, the MMG uptake increased (OR = 1.418, 95% CI 1.116–1.801, p  = 0.004). Breast cancer screening uptake and knowledge, as well as beliefs concerning BCS are low among Yemeni school teachers in Malaysia. Conducting educational interventions on BCS is needed to improve awareness and encourage early detection of BC among women.

Background Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent cancer among women. Teachers play a crucial role in promoting healthy behaviors, including breast cancer screening (BCS). This study aimed to assess the impact of an Health Belief Model (HBM)-based educational intervention on BCS uptake, knowledge, and beliefs among female Yemeni teachers in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Methods A cluster-randomized controlled trial was conducted with 180 participants from 12 schools, randomly assigned to intervention or control groups. The intervention group participated in a 90-minute educational session, with follow-up assessments at baseline, and at 1, 3, and 6 months’ post-intervention, using validated Arabic questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 22.0, with Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) applied to assess differences within and between groups over time. Statistical significance was set at P  < 0.05. Results At baseline, there were no significant differences between groups. Post-intervention, the intervention group showed significantly higher rates of breast self-examination (BSE) and clinical breast examination (CBE) compared to the control group, with adjusted odds ratios (AOR) of 17.51 (CI: 8.22–37.29) for BSE and 2.75 (CI: 1.42–5.32) for CBE. Over six months, BSE performance in the intervention group increased, with AORs improving from 11.01 (CI: 5.05–24.04) to 18.55 (CI: 8.83–38.99). Similarly, CBE uptake rose from 1.60 (CI: 1.02–2.52) to 2.27 (CI: 1.44–3.58). Secondary outcomes revealed significant gains in knowledge and beliefs in the intervention group, including increased confidence in performing BSE and reduced perceived barriers. Conclusions The HBM-based educational intervention effectively enhanced BCS uptake, improved knowledge, and decreased barriers to BCS among Yemeni teachers in Malaysia, highlighting the potential of targeted educational programs to promote cancer screening behaviors in underserved populations. Clinical trial registration Retrospectively registered, ANZCTR (ACTRN12618000173291). Registered on February 02, 2018.

Background: Research on the health benefits of fasting is growing; this includes time-restricted feeding and Islamic fasting. Aims: This article aims to review and highlight the similarities and differences between time-restricted feeding and Islamic fasting during Ramadan. Methods: A scoping review was undertaken to identify relevant articles that answered the research question: what are the similarities and differences in characteristics of time-restricted feeding and Islamic fasting? MEDLINE/PubMed was searched using the terms: time-restricted feeding, and weight. Inclusion criteria were: original research and review articles; written in English; and published between the years 2000 and 2017. Results: A total of 25 articles that answered the research question were included in the review: 15 original research papers and 10 reviews. The findings suggest that Ramadan fasting is a form of time-restricted feeding in the contemporary context because of the period when eating is not allowed. The fasting duration reported in time-restricted feeding ranged from 4 to 24 hours, which is longer than that of Islamic fasting which is between 8 and 20 hours. Both time-restricted feeding and Islamic fasting have been found to have positive health effects, including weight reduction. Conclusion: Time-restricted feeding and Islamic fasting have many similar characteristics and reported positive health effects.

Generally speaking, institutionalised children and adolescents are at greatly increased risk of serious mental and behavioural problems, up to seven times more than their peers. Life skills- based interventions using peer enforcement have been introduced as effective program to improve adolescents' emotional and behavioral health. Therefore, the current randomized control study aimed to determine, if a life skills-based intervention could improve the emotional health and self-esteem among Malaysian adolescents in orphanages. Overall, 271 male and female adolescents (13-18 years old) from 8 orphanages in Klang valley, Malaysia participated in the study. Comparing the intervention to control group within 3 points of time, the finding of the study showed that immediately after finishing the interventional sessions (post-test), the mean scores of depression (F = 33.80, P<0.001, η2 = 0.11), anxiety (F = 6.28, P = 0.01, η2 = 0.02), stress (F = 32.05, P<0.001, η2 = 0.11) and self-esteem (F = 54.68, P<0.001, η2 = 0.17) were significantly decreased compared to the pre-test values. However, there was no significant difference between two groups in the depression mean scores (F = 2.33, P = 0.13). Regarding to the interaction between group and test a significant change was seen in the mean score of all 4 variables including depression (F = 31.04, P<0.001, η2 = 0.10), anxiety (F = 14.21, P<0.001, η2 = 0.05), stress (F = 15.67, P<0.001, η2 = 0.06) and self-esteem (F = 13.29, P<0.001, η2 = 0.05). Furthermore, except depression (Δmean = -1.37, P<0.001), no significant difference was seen between study variables' mean scores between post- and follow-up test (p>0.001). These results provide preliminary approve for LSE to enhance emotional health and self-esteem in orphanages.

Background The reliability and validity of the Champion’s Health Belief Model Scale ( CHBMS) used in assessing the belief of women regarding breast cancer (BC) and breast cancer screening (BCS) have been examined on various populations. However, the use of this tool has not been adequately assessed for its validity in ethnic minorities. This study assessed the validity and reliability of CHBMS by analyzing the factor structure and internal reliability of the factors among Yemeni women in Malaysia. Methods A survey was conducted among 103 female teachers from 10 schools. SPSS version 22.0 was utilized in analyzing the data. Descriptive statistics were computed for the socio-demographic characteristics. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were used in assessing the internal reliability. The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to analyze the factor structure of the translated items. Parallel analysis was performed to determine the number of factors accurately. Results The alpha coefficients of the factors had acceptable values ranging between 0.76 and 0.87. The factor analysis yielded six and five factors for breast self-examination (BSE) and mammography (MMG), with a total explained variance of 47.69% and 52.63%, respectively. The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) index values of 0.64 and 0.72, and the Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity ( P  = 0.0001) for BSE and MMG, respectively, verified the normality distribution and the adequacy of the sample size for EFA. All the items on each factor were from the same construct that were consistent with the number of factors obtained in the scale development study. The items achieved adequate factor loadings that ranged between 0.47 and 0.88. Conclusions The translated version of the CHBMS is a validated scale used in assessing the beliefs related to BC and BCS among Yemeni women living in Malaysia. Healthcare workers could use the scales to assess women’s beliefs on BC and BCS. This instrument could be used to test the effectiveness of the intervention programs.

Knowledge and attitude are essential components of food security as malnutrition remains a critical public health concern among adolescents. The study evaluates the effectiveness of a Triple Benefit Health Education Intervention on knowledge, attitude and food security towards malnutrition among adolescent girls. This was a cluster randomized controlled trial among 417 randomly selected adolescent girls aged 10 to 19 years old in Maiduguri, Borno state, Nigeria from October 2019 to March 2020. About 208 respondents were assigned to experimental while 209 to control group, respectively, using an opaque sealed envelope. A structured questionnaire using KoBo Collect Toolbox was used for the collection of data at baseline, three and six-months post intervention while the data collected were analyzed using generalized estimating equation (GEE). The outcome of the baseline shows no statistically significant difference in sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, attitude and food security between experimental and control groups. The study reveals a statistically significant difference between experimental and control groups for knowledge (p < 0.001; p < 0.001), attitude (p < 0.001; p < 0.001) and food security (p = 0.026; p = 0.001) at three and six-months post intervention, respectively. The triple benefit health education intervention package employed in this study can serve as an intervention tool to combat malnutrition among adolescent girls in Nigeria at large.