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Trimetallic nanoparticles (TMNPs) have emerged as a pivotal area of research due to their unique properties and diverse applications across medicine, agriculture, and environmental sciences. This review provides several novel contributions that distinguish it from existing literature on trimetallic nanoparticles (TMNPs). Firstly, it offers a focused exploration of TMNPs, specifically addressing their unique properties and applications, which have been less examined compared to other multimetallic nanoparticles. This targeted analysis fills a significant gap in current research. Secondly, the review emphasizes innovative biosynthesis methods utilizing microorganisms and plant extracts, positioning these green synthesis approaches as environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional chemical methods. This focus aligns with the increasing demand for sustainable practices in nanotechnology. Furthermore, the review integrates discussions on both medical and agricultural applications of TMNPs, highlighting their multifunctional potential across diverse fields. This comprehensive perspective enhances our understanding of how TMNPs can address various challenges. Additionally, the review explores the synergistic effects among the different metals in TMNPs, providing insights into how these interactions can be harnessed to optimize their properties for specific applications. Such discussions are often overlooked in existing studies. Moreover, this review identifies critical research gaps and challenges within the field, outlining future directions that encourage further investigation and innovation in TMNP development. By doing so, it proactively contributes to advancing the field. Finally, the review advocates for interdisciplinary collaboration among material scientists, biologists, and environmental scientists, emphasizing the importance of diverse expertise in enhancing the research and application of TMNPs.

The Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is an arbovirus disease responsible of regular epizootics and epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa and Arabian Peninsula. In 2016, Niger experienced its first outbreak of RVF in Tahoua region, which resulted in high consequences in animal and human health. The aim of this study was to investigate on the RVFV circulation among potential vectors of the disease. This was a cross-sectional survey carried out in Tahoua and Agadez regions in August 2021. Adult mosquitoes were collected by using the morning spray in human dwellings and the CDC light trap methods. After morphological identification, viral RNA was extracted. The RNA was extracted by using QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit (Qiagen). The RVFV detection was performed by using the qRT-PCR method. A total of 2487 insects (1978 mosquitoes, 509 sandflies and 251 biting midges) were identified and divided into three families (Culicidae, Psychodidae and Ceratopogonidae). The Culicidae family composed of the genus being the most abundant with a predominance of (31.88%; n = 793) followed by (21.51%; n = 535), s.l. (8.44%; n = 210), (0.72%; n = 18), (0.48%; n = 12), (6.39%; n = 159), the Psychodidae with sandflies (20.46%; n = 509), and the Ceratopogonidae with genus (10.09%; n = 251). The qRT-PCR carried out on a sample of mosquitoes (N = 96) highlighted that one individual of was found positive to RVFV. This specimen was from Tassara locality (Tahoua) and collected by CDC Light Trap method. This study reveals for the first time the circulation of RVFV among in Niger and highlights the possible vectorial role of this vector in the disease transmission. Further investigations should be carried out to identify the biological and ecological determinants that support the maintenance of the virus in this area in order to guide control interventions.

First detection of Rift Valley Fever Virus among Culex pipiens in Tahoua, NigerBackground.The Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is an arbovirus disease responsible of regular epizootics and epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa and Arabian Peninsula. In 2016, Niger experienced its first outbreak of RVF in Tahoua region, which resulted in high consequences in animal and human health. The aim of this study was to investigate on the RVFV circulation among potential vectors of the disease.Methods. This was a cross-sectional survey carried out in Tahoua and Agadez regions in August 2021. Adult mosquitoes were collected by using the morning spray in human dwellings and the CDC light trap methods. After morphological identification, viral RNA was extracted. The RNA was extracted by using QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit (Qiagen). The RVFV detection was performed by using the qRT-PCR method.Results. A total of 2487 insects (1978 mosquitoes, 509 sandflies and 251 biting midges) were identified and divided into three families (Culicidae,Psychodidae and Ceratopogonidae). The Culicidae family composed of the Culexgenus being the most abundant with a predominance of Cx. pipiens (31.88%; n = 793) followed by Mansonia sp (21.51%; n = 535), Anopheles gambiaes.l.(8.44%; n = 210), An. pharoensis (0.72%; n = 18), An. rufipes (0.48%; n = 12), Cx. quinquefasciatus (6.39%; n = 159), the Psychodidae with sandflies (20.46%; n = 509), and the Ceratopogonidae withCulicoides genus (10.09%; n = 251). The qRT-PCR carried out on a sample of mosquitoes (N = 96) highlighted that one individual of Cx. pipiens was found positive to RVFV. This specimen was from Tassara locality (Tahoua) and collected by CDC Light Trap method.Conclusion. This study reveals for the first time the circulation of RVFV among Cx. pipiens in Niger and highlights the possible vectorial role of this vector in the disease transmission. Further investigations should be carried out to identify the biological and ecological determinants that support the maintenance of the virus in this area in order to guide control interventions.Détection du virus de la fièvre de la vallée du Rift chez Culex pipiens à Tahoua au NigerIntroduction.La fièvre de la vallée du Rift (FVR) est une arbovirose responsable de fréquentes épizooties et épidémies en Afrique subsaharienne et dans la péninsule arabique. En 2016, le Niger a enregistré le premier foyer de FVR dans la région de Tahoua avec des conséquences importantes sur la santé animale et humaine. Le but de cette étude est de rechercher la présence du virus de la FVR (VFVR) chez les vecteurs potentiels de la maladie.Matériels et méthodes. Il s’agit d’une enquête transversale sur les vecteurs potentiels du VFVR conduite dans les régions de Tahoua et d’Agadez en août 2021. La capture des moustiques a été réalisée à travers les méthodes par pulvérisation et pièges lumineux CDC. Après identification morphologique, l’ARN viral a été extrait en utilisant le Kit QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit (Qiagen). La détection du VFVR a été réalisée par la technique de qRT-PCR à l’aide d’amorces et de sondes spécifiques.Résultats. Au total, 2 487 insectes (1 978 moustiques, 509 phlébotomes et 251 culicoïdes) ont été identifiés et repartis en trois familles (Culicidae,Psychodidae et Ceratopogonidae). La famille des Culicidae, composée entre autres du genre Culexa été la plus abondante, avec une prédominance de l’espèce Cx.pipiens (31,88 % ; n = 793), suivie de Mansonia sp. (21,51 % ; n = 535), Anopheles gambiaes.l.(8,44 % ; n = 210), An.pharoensis (0,72 % ; n = 18), An.rufipes (0,48 % ; n = 12), Cx. quinquefasciatus (6,39 % ; n = 159), celle des Psychodidae avec les phlébotomes (20,46 % ; n = 509), et enfin celle des Ceratopogonidae avec le genreCulicoides(10,09 % ; n = 251). La qRT-PCR réalisée sur un échantillon de 96 moustiques s’est révélée positive au VFVR chez un Cx.pipiens.Conclusion. Cette étude révèle pour la première fois la circulation du virus de la FVR chez Cx.pipiensau Niger et décrit ainsi le possible rôle vectoriel de cette espèce dans la transmission de la FVR. Cependant, d’autres investigations doivent être menées afin d’identifier les déterminants biologiques et écologiques qui supportent le maintien du virus dans cette zone afin d’orienter les interventions de lutte.

We study the probability distribution of age of information (AoI) in arbitrary networks with memoryless service times. A source node generates packets following a Poisson process, and then the packets are forwarded across the network in such a way that newer updates preempt older ones. This model is equivalent to gossip networks that was recently studied by Yates, and for which he obtained a recursive formula allowing the computation for the average AoI. In this paper, we obtain a very simple characterization of the stationary distribution of AoI at every node in the network. This allows for the computation of the average of an arbitrary function of the age. In particular, we can compute age-violation probabilities. Furthermore, we show how it is possible to use insights from our simple characterization in order to substantially reduce the computation time of average AoIs in some structured networks. Finally, we describe how it is possible to use our characterization in order to obtain faster and more accurate Monte Carlo simulations estimating the average AoI, or the average of an arbitrary function of the age.