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Efficiently mixed conduction between ionic and electronic charges stands to revolutionize the studies in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). However, inefficient ion transport due to the long-range injection and migration process in the bulk film presents challenges for enhancing the steady and transient performance of OECTs. In this work, we proposed a lateral intercalation-assisted ion transport strategy to assist volumetric ion charging, by introducing a striped microstructure in the conductive channel. By precisely adjusting the ratio of lateral area ( RoL ), the electrical performance, indicated by the maximum transconductance versus response time ( G m,max / τ ), increases progressively by over 600%. We further unveiled the mechanism for the enhanced doping uniformity and increased volume capacitance at the lateral area. Based on the universality investigation, we uncovered the effects of molecular stacking on ionic lateral intercalation transport, contributing to the high-performance OECTs and the bio-applications in the recording of dynamic electrocardiography (ECG) signals with distinct features. Optimizing mixed ionic-electronic conduction in organic electrochemical transistors is an ongoing challenge for their use in bioelectronic applications. Here, the authors introduce a lateral intercalation-assisted ion injection strategy for enhanced modulation of electrical performance.

Sulfide-based all-solid-state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs) have received extensive attention due to their high energy density and high safety, while the poor interface stability between sulfide electrolyte and lithium metal anode limits their development. Hence, a hybrid SEI (LICl/LiF/LiZn) was constructed at the interface between Li 5.5 PS 4.5 Cl 1.5 sulfide electrolyte and lithium metal. The LiCl and LiF interface phases with high interface energy effectively induce the uniform deposition of Li + and reduce the overpotential of Li + deposition, while the LiZn alloy interface phase accelerates the diffusion of lithium ions. The synergistic effect of the above functional interface phases inhibits the growth of lithium dendrites and stabilizes the interface between the sulfide electrolyte and lithium metal. The hybrid SEI strategy exhibits excellent electrochemical performance on symmetric batteries and all-solid-state batteries. The symmetrical cell exhibits stable cycling performance over long duration over 500 h at 1.0 mA cm −2 . Moreover, the LiNbO 3 @NCM712/Li 5.5 PS 4.5 Cl 1.5 /Li-10%ZnF 2 battery exhibits excellent cycle stability at a high rate of 0.5 C, with a capacity retention rate of 76.4% after 350 cycles.

Reusable point-of-care biosensors offer a cost-effective solution for serial biomarker monitoring, addressing the critical demand for tumour treatments and recurrence diagnosis. However, their realization has been limited by the contradictory requirements of robust reusability and high sensing capability to multiple interactions among transducer surface, sensing probes and target analytes. Here we propose a drug-mediated organic electrochemical transistor as a robust, reusable epidermal growth factor receptor sensor with striking sensitivity and selectivity. By electrostatically adsorbing protonated gefitinib onto poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate and leveraging its strong binding to the epidermal growth factor receptor target, the device operates with a unique refresh-in-sensing mechanism. It not only yields an ultralow limit-of-detection concentration down to 5.74 fg ml −1 for epidermal growth factor receptor but, more importantly, also produces an unprecedented regeneration cycle exceeding 200. We further validate the potential of our devices for easy-to-use biomedical applications by creating an 8 × 12 diagnostic drug-mediated organic electrochemical transistor array with excellent uniformity to clinical blood samples. Both reusability and sensing capability of biosensors are required but usually challenging to achieve. Here a reusable and highly sensitive epidermal growth factor receptor sensor based on a drug-mediated organic electrochemical transistor is reported.

Argyrodite-based solid-state lithium metal batteries exhibit significant potential as next-generation energy storage devices. However, their practical applications are constrained by the intrinsic poor stability of argyrodite towards Li metal and exposure to air/moisture. Therefore, an indium-involved modification strategy is employed to address these issues. The optimized doping yields a high Li-ion conductivity of 7.5 mS cm −1 for Li 5.54 In 0.02 PS 4.47 O 0.03 Cl 1.5 electrolyte, accompanied by enhanced endurance against air/moisture and bare Li metal. It retains 92.0% of its original conductivity after exposure to air at a low dew point of −60 °C in dry room. Additionally, a composite layer comprising Li–In alloy and LiF phases is generated on the surface of lithium metal anode via the reaction between InF 3 and molten Li. This layer effectively mitigates Li dendrite growth by creating a physical barrier from the robust LiF phase, while the Li–In alloy induces uniform Li-ion deposition and accelerates Li transport dynamics across the interphase between the solid electrolyte/Li metal. Moreover, the In-doped electrolyte facilitates the in-situ generation of Li–In alloy within its voids, reducing local current density and further inhibiting lithium dendrite growth. Consequently, the combination of the Li 5.54 In 0.02 PS 4.47 O 0.03 Cl 1.5 electrolyte and the InF 3 @Li anode provides exceptional electrochemical performances in both symmetric cells and solid-state lithium metal batteries across different operating temperatures. Specifically, the LiNbO 3 @LiNi 0.7 Co 0.2 Mn 0.1 O 2 /Li 5.54 In 0.02 PS 4.47 O 0.03 Cl 1.5 /InF 3 @Li cell delivers a high discharge capacity of 167.8 mAh g −1 at 0.5 C under 25 °C and retains 80.0% of its initial value after 400 cycles. This work offers a viable strategy for designing functional interfaces with enhanced stability for sulfide-based solid-state lithium batteries.

Nanoresolved doping of polymeric semiconductors can overcome scaling limitations to create highly integrated flexible electronics, but remains a fundamental challenge due to isotropic diffusion of the dopants. Here we report a general methodology for achieving nanoscale ion-implantation-like electrochemical doping of polymeric semiconductors. This approach involves confining counterion electromigration within a glassy electrolyte composed of room-temperature ionic liquids and high-glass-transition-temperature insulating polymers. By precisely adjusting the electrolyte glass transition temperature ( T g ) and the operating temperature ( T ), we create a highly localized electric field distribution and achieve anisotropic ion migration that is nearly vertical to the nanotip electrodes. The confined doping produces an excellent resolution of 56 nm with a lateral-extended doping length down to as little as 9.3 nm. We reveal a universal exponential dependence of the doping resolution on the temperature difference ( T g  −  T ) that can be used to depict the doping resolution for almost infinite polymeric semiconductors. Moreover, we demonstrate its implications in a range of polymer electronic devices, including a 200% performance-enhanced organic transistor and a lateral p–n diode with seamless junction widths of <100 nm. Combined with a further demonstration in the scalability of the nanoscale doping, this concept may open up new opportunities for polymer-based nanoelectronics. A simple manipulation of an electrolyte’s glass transition enables nanoresolved electrochemical ion implantation doping in a variety of polymeric semiconductors.

Lithium halide electrolytes show great potential in constructing high-energy-density solid-state batteries with high-voltage cathode materials due to their high electrochemical stability and wide voltage windows. However, the high cost and low conductivity of some compositions inhibit their applications. Moreover, the effect of electronic additives in the cathode mixture on the stability and capacity is unclear. Here, the Y 3+ doping strategy is applied to enhance the conductivity of low-cost Li 2 ZrCl 6 electrolytes. By tailoring the Y 3+ dopant in the structure, the optimal Li 2.5 Zr 0.5 Y 0.5 Cl 6 with high conductivity up to 1.19 × 10 −3 S cm −1 is obtained. Li 2.5 Zr 0.5 Y 0.5 Cl 6 @CNT/Li 2.5 Zr 0.5 Y 0.5 Cl 6 /Li 5.5 PS 4.5 Cl 1.5 /In-Li solid-state batteries with different carbon nanotube (CNT) contents in the cathode are fabricated. The stability and electrochemical performances of the cathode mixture as a function of CNT content are studied. The cathode mixture containing 2% (wt.) CNT exhibits the highest stability and almost no discharge capacity, while the cathode mixture consisting of Li 2.5 Zr 0.5 Y 0.5 Cl 6 and 10% (wt.) CNT delivers a high initial discharge capacity of 199.0 mAh g −1 and reversible capacities in the following 100 cycles. Multiple characterizations are combined to unravel the working mechanism and confirm that the electrochemical reaction involves the 2-step reaction of Y 3+ /Y 0 , Zr 4+ /Zr 0 , and Cl − /Cl x − in the Li 2.5 Zr 0.5 Y 0.5 Cl 6 electrolyte. This work provides insight into designing a lithium halide electrolyte-based cathode mixture with a high ionic/electronic conductive framework and good interfacial stability for solid-state batteries.

Ionic conductivity and electro/chemical compatibility of Li 10 SnP 2 S 12 electrolytes play crucial roles in achieving superior electrochemical performances of the corresponding solid-state batteries. However, the relatively low Li-ion conductivity and poor stability of Li 10 SnP 2 S 12 toward high-voltage layered oxide cathodes limit its applications. Here, a Br-substituted strategy has been applied to promote Li-ion conductivity. The optimal composition of Li 9.9 SnP 2 S 11.9 Br 0.1 delivers high conductivity up to 6.0 mS cm −1 . 7 Li static spin-lattice relaxation ( T 1 ) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and density functional theory simulation are combined to unravel the improvement of Li-ion diffusion mechanism for the modified electrolytes. To mitigate the interfacial stability between the Li 9.9 SnP 2 S 11.9 Br 0.1 electrolyte and the bare LiNi 0.7 Co 0.1 Mn 0.2 O 2 cathode, introducing Li 2 ZrO 3 coating layer and Li 3 InCl 6 isolating layer strategies has been employed to fabricate all-solid-state lithium batteries with excellent electrochemical performances. The Li 3 InCl 6 -LiNi 0.7 Co 0.1 Mn 0.2 O 2 /Li 3 InCl 6 /Li 9.9 SnP 2 S 11.9 Br 0.1 /Li-In battery delivers much higher discharge capacities and fast capacity degradations at different charge/discharge C rates, while the Li 2 ZrO 3 @LiNi 0.7 Co 0.1 Mn 0.2 O 2 /Li 9.9 SnP 2 S 11.9 Br 0.1 /Li-In battery shows slightly lower discharge capacities at the same C rates and superior cycling performances. Multiple characterization methods are conducted to reveal the differences of battery performance. The poor electrochemical performance of the latter battery configuration is associated with the interfacial instability between the Li 3 InCl 6 electrolyte and the Li 9.9 SnP 2 S 11.9 Br 0.1 electrolyte. This work offers an effective strategy to constructing Li 10 SnP 2 S 12 -based all-solid-state lithium batteries with high capacities and superior cyclabilities.

Immunometabolic intervention has been applied to treat cancer via inhibition of certain enzymes associated with intratumoral metabolism. However, small-molecule inhibitors and genetic modification often suffer from insufficiency and off-target side effects. Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) provide an alternative way to modulate protein homeostasis for cancer therapy; however, the always-on bioactivity of existing PROTACs potentially leads to uncontrollable protein degradation at non-target sites, limiting their in vivo therapeutic efficacy. We herein report a semiconducting polymer nano-PROTAC (SPN pro ) with phototherapeutic and activatable protein degradation abilities for photo-immunometabolic cancer therapy. SPN pro can remotely generate singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) under NIR photoirradiation to eradicate tumor cells and induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) to enhance tumor immunogenicity. Moreover, the PROTAC function of SPN pro is specifically activated by a cancer biomarker (cathepsin B) to trigger targeted proteolysis of immunosuppressive indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in the tumor of living mice. The persistent IDO degradation blocks tryptophan (Trp)-catabolism program and promotes the activation of effector T cells. Such a SPNpro-mediated in-situ immunometabolic intervention synergizes immunogenic phototherapy to boost the antitumor T-cell immunity, effectively inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis. Thus, this study provides a polymer platform to advance PROTAC in cancer therapy. Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) is an effective alternative to modulate protein homeostasis but can lead to uncontrollable protein degradation and off-target side effects. Here, the authors developed semiconducting polymer nano-PROTACs with phototherapeutic and activatable protein degradation abilities for photo-immunometabolic cancer therapy.