Explore the vast range of titles available.

We investigate a (3 + 1)-dimensional nonlinear evolution equation which is a higher-dimensional generalization of the Korteweg–de Vries equation. On the basis of the decomposition approach, the N -antidark soliton solution on a finite background is constructed by using the Darboux transformation together with the limit technique. The asymptotic analysis for the N -antidark soliton solution is performed, and the collision between multiple antidark solitons is proved to be elastic. Under the velocity resonant mechanism, the antidark soliton molecules on the ( x ,  t ), ( y ,  t ), ( y ,  z ) and ( t ,  z ) planes are found instead of the ( x ,  y ) and ( x ,  z ) planes. Based on the three- and the four-antidark soliton solutions, the elastic collision between a soliton molecule and a common soliton and the elastic collision between two soliton molecules are analytically demonstrated, respectively. These results may be useful for the study of soliton molecules in hydrodynamics and nonlinear optics.

Topological structures of bio-architectonics and bio-interfaces play major roles in maintaining the normal functions of organs, tissues, extracellular matrix, and cells. In-depth understanding of natural self-assembly mechanisms and mimicking functional structures provide us opportunities to artificially control the natural assemblies and their biofunctions. Here, we report an intracellular enzyme-catalyzed polymerization approach for efficient synthesis of polypeptides and in situ construction of topology-controlled nanostructures. We reveal that the phase behavior and topological structure of polypeptides are encoded in monomeric peptide sequences. Next, we elucidate the relationship between polymerization dynamics and their temperature-dependent topological transition in biological conditions. Importantly, the linearly grown elastin-like polypeptides are biocompatible and aggregate into nanoparticles that exhibit significant molecular accumulation and retention effects. However, 3D gel-like structures with thermo-induced multi-directional traction interfere with cellular fates. These findings allow us to exploit new nanomaterials in living subjects for biomedical applications. The intracellular topology of a nanostructure plays a major role in its interactions with the cell and accordingly, its biological applications. Here, the authors design peptides that intracellularly polymerize into elastin-like polypeptides and assemble into various topologies, each of which exhibits a distinct set of biological functions.

Accumulating evidence suggests that gut microbial dysbiosis is implicated in colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation and progression through interaction with host immune system. Given the intimate relationship between the gut microbiota and the antitumor immune responses, the microbiota has proven to be effective targets in modulating immunotherapy responses of preclinical CRC models. However, the proposed putative mechanisms of how these bacteria affect immune responses and immunotherapy efficacy remains obscure. In this review, we summarize recent findings of clinical gut microbial dysbiosis in CRC patients, the reciprocal interactions between gut microbiota and the innate and/or the adaptive immune system, as well as the effect of gut microbiota on immunotherapy response in CRC. Increased understanding of the gut microbiota-immune system interactions will benefit the rational application of microbiota to the clinical promising biomarker or therapeutic strategy as a cancer immunotherapy adjuvant.

We study a deformed Fokas–Lenells equation which is related to the integrable derivative nonlinear Schrödinger hierarchy with higher-order nonholonomic constraint. The baseband modulation instability as an origin of rogue waves is displayed. The explicit rogue wave solutions are obtained via the Darboux transformation. Typical rogue wave patterns such as the standard rogue wave, dark rogue wave and twisted rogue wave pair in three different components of the deformed Fokas–Lenells equation are presented. Besides, the state transitions between rogue waves and solitons are analytically found when the modulation instability growth rate tends to zero in the zero-frequency perturbation region. The explicit soliton solutions under the special parameter condition are given. The anti-dark and W-shaped solitons in their respective components are shown.

Thierry Wirth, Philip Supply, Stefan Niemann and colleagues analyze 4,987 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains of the Beijing lineage isolated from 99 countries. They report whole-genome sequencing of 110 representative strains, characterize global population structure and reconstruct the evolutionary history of this lineage. Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains of the Beijing lineage are globally distributed and are associated with the massive spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis in Eurasia. Here we reconstructed the biogeographical structure and evolutionary history of this lineage by genetic analysis of 4,987 isolates from 99 countries and whole-genome sequencing of 110 representative isolates. We show that this lineage initially originated in the Far East, from where it radiated worldwide in several waves. We detected successive increases in population size for this pathogen over the last 200 years, practically coinciding with the Industrial Revolution, the First World War and HIV epidemics. Two MDR clones of this lineage started to spread throughout central Asia and Russia concomitantly with the collapse of the public health system in the former Soviet Union. Mutations identified in genes putatively under positive selection and associated with virulence might have favored the expansion of the most successful branches of the lineage.

mRNA vaccines have been revolutionary in combating the COVID-19 pandemic in the past two years. They have also become a versatile tool for the prevention of infectious diseases and treatment of cancers. For effective vaccination, mRNA formulation, delivery method and composition of the mRNA carrier play an important role. mRNA vaccines can be delivered using lipid nanoparticles, polymers, peptides or naked mRNA. The vaccine efficacy is influenced by the appropriate delivery materials, formulation methods and selection of a proper administration route. In addition, co-delivery of several mRNAs could also be beneficial and enhance immunity against various variants of an infectious pathogen or several pathogens altogether. Here, we review the recent progress in the delivery methods, modes of delivery and patentable mRNA vaccine technologies.

To explore the effect and underlying molecular mechanism of long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA)‐H19 on ovarian cancer (OC) cells, a total of 41 cases of OC and adjacent normal tissues were collected. H19 and microRNA (miR)‐140 expressions in OC tissues and cells were detected using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐RCR). The correlation between H19 expression and prognosis of OC patient was analyzed. siRNA (si)‐H19 and si‐negative control (NC) were transfected into OC cells. Cell proliferation was checked by cell counting kit‐8 assay and colony formation assay, and cell migration and invasion were analyzed via Transwell assay. The targeted binding relationship between H19 and miR‐140 was predicted and verified, miR‐140 downstream gene was predicted and Wnt1 was screened out. The impact of in‐miR‐140 on the si‐H19‐induced decreased OC cell proliferation and migration was evaluated. H19 expression was upregulated in OC tissues and cells, and its overexpression was associated with a poor prognosis of OC. si‐H19 remarkably reduced OC cell proliferation and migration. H19 upregulated Wnt1 expression through targeting miR‐140 in OC cells. Altogether, miR‐140 was notably downregulated in OC, and in‐miR‐140 partially inhibited the si‐H19‐induced decrease of OC cell proliferation and migration. H19 competitively bound to miR‐140 to upregulate Wnt1, thereby promoting OC cell proliferation and migration.

Infusion extravasation has an increased incidence in newborns, which can result in various adverse outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different types of temperament on infusion extravasation in newborns. A total of 209 newborns aged 4–7 days who were treated with infusion therapy were assessed for temperament type using the neonatal behavioral assessment scale score (NBAS). The 2009 Infusion Nurses Society clinical grading criteria for extravasation were used, and the clinical data of the newborns, such as gestational age and body weight, were collected. Out of 209 newborns assessed, 107 developed infusion extravasations, with an incidence rate of 51.2%. Newborns with intermediate temperament type were more prone to develop infusion extravasation. Newborns with low body weight, amniotic fluid aspiration syndrome, or meconium aspiration syndrome were prone to develop infusion extravasation. Body weight, temperament type of consolability, temperament type of peak of excitement, diseases, general temperament type, and NBAS total scores of the neonates were independent risk factors for infusion extravasation. Thus, different types of temperament can have an impact on neonatal extravasation.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causing pathogen of the unprecedented global Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic. Upon infection, the virus manipulates host cellular machinery and ribosomes to synthesize its own proteins for successful replication and to facilitate further infection. SARS-CoV-2 executes a multi-faceted hijacking of the host mRNA translation and cellular protein synthesis. Viral nonstructural proteins (NSPs) interact with a range of different ribosomal states and interfere with mRNA translation. Concurrent mutations on NSPs and spike proteins contribute to the epidemiological success of variants of concern (VOCs). The interactions between ribosomes and SARS-CoV-2 represent attractive targets for the development of antiviral therapeutics and vaccines. Recently approved COVID-19 mRNA vaccines also utilize the cellular machinery, to produce antigens and trigger immune responses. The design features of the mRNA vaccines are critical to efficient mRNA translation in ribosomes, and are directly related to the vaccine’s efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity. This review describes recent knowledge of how the SARS-CoV-2 virus’ genomic characteristics interfere with ribosomal function and mRNA translation. In addition, we discuss the current learning of the design features of mRNA vaccines and their impacts on translational activity in ribosomes. The understanding of ribosomal interactions with the virus and mRNA vaccines offers the foundation for antiviral therapeutic discovery and continuous mRNA vaccine optimization to lower the dose, to increase durability and/or to reduce adverse effects.

The low-cost, solution-processed and stable perovskite quantum dots (QDs) light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) have great potential applications for the new-generation displays technology and white-LEDs. The stability of perovskite QDs has been improved via polymers or inorganic encapsulation strategies, but at the cost of their semiconducting properties, so it is not suitable for active light-emitting devices. In this paper, the Zn-doped CsPbBr3/ZnS QDs heterojunction were fabricated via a simple solution-phase method, which demonstrated simultaneously enhanced the optical properties and stability of perovskite QDs films without damaging their semiconducting properties. The photoluminescence quantum yields and stability of the Zn-doped CsPbBr3/ZnS heterojunction QDs films have been significantly improved because of good surface passivation on the surface defects of perovskite QDs with ZnS nanoclusters and Zn2+ doping. Finally, solution-processed n-ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and p-NiO NPs as carrier transport layers are used to fabricate all-inorganic Zn-doped CsPbBr3/ZnS QLEDs. The QLEDs show high-efficiency green light emission with a maximum luminance of 8600 cd/m2 and external quantum efficiency of 4.8%. Moreover, the researched green perovskite QLEDs also show good working stability after a long test time in the outside environment. This study may provide an effective way for the preparation high-performance perovskite QLEDs with good environmental stability, making practical applications possible.