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Introduction Damage control surgery (DCS) with abdominal negative pressure therapy and delayed anastomosis creation in patients with perforated diverticulitis and generalized peritonitis was established at our Institution in 2006 and has been published. The concept was adopted in other hospitals and published as a case series. This is the first prospectively controlled randomized study comparing DCS and conventional treatment (Group C) in this setting. Methods All consecutive patients from 2013 to 2018 with indication for surgery were screened and randomized to Group DCS or Group C. The primary outcome was the rate of reconstructed bowel at discharge and at 6 month. Informed consent was obtained. The trial was approved by the local ethics committee and registered at CinicalTrials.gov: NCT04034407. Results A total of 56 patients were screened; 41 patients gave informed consent to participate and ultimately 21 patients (9 female) with intraoperatively confirmed Hinchey III ( n  = 14, 67%) or IV ( n  = 7, 33%), and a median (range) age of 66 (42–92), Mannheim Peritonitis Index of 25 (12–37) and Charlson Comorbidity Index of 3 (0–10) were intraoperatively randomized and treated as Group DCS ( n  = 13) or Group C ( n  = 8). Per protocol analysis: A primary anastomosis without ileostomy (PA) was performed in 92% (11/12) patients in Group DCS at the second-look operation, one patient died before second look, and one underwent a Hartmann procedure (HP). In Group C 63% (5/8) patients received a PA and 38% (3/8) patients a HP. Two patients in Group C, but none in Group DCS experienced anastomotic leakage (AI). ICU and hospital stay was median (range) 2 (1–10) and 17.5 (12–43) in DCS and 2 (1–62) and 22 (13–65) days in group C. In Group DCS 8% (1/12) patients was discharged with a stoma versus 57% (4/7) in Group C ( p  = 0.038, n.s., α  = 0.025); one patient died before discharge. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for discharge with a stoma is 0.068 (0.005–0.861). Intent to treat analysis: A PA was performed in 90% (9/10) of patients randomized to DCS, one patient died before the second look, and one patient received a HP. In group C, 70% (7/10) were treated with PA and 30% (3/10) with HP. 29% (2/7) experienced AI treated with protective ileostomy. In group DCS, 9% (1/11) were discharged with a stoma versus 40% (4/10) in group C ( p  = 0.14, n.s.). The odds ratio for discharge with a stoma is 0.139 (0.012–1.608). Conclusion This is the first prospectively randomized controlled study showing that damage control surgery in perforated diverticulitis Hinchey III and IV enhances reconstruction of bowel continuity and can reduce the stoma rate at discharge.

Background Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) can significantly influence overall and disease-free survival in selected patients suffering from peritoneal surface malignancies (PSM) of various tumor entities. Because of the extent of the therapeutic approach, the associated morbidity and mortality and the multidisciplinarity needed, implementation of a CRS + HIPEC program at an institution is often challenging. Methods This single-center analysis included all patients ( n  = 60, 34 female, 26 male) with PSM from various tumor primaries [colorectal cancer (15/60; 25%), appendix neoplasia (21/60; 35%), and others (24/60; 40%)] treated with CRS + HIPEC at our institution between 2006 and 2014. Charts were reviewed for preoperative patient evaluation, procedure-specific and tumor-specific parameters, morbidity, mortality, tumor recurrence and patients’ overall (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS). Results In 57 of the 60 patients included in the investigation (57/60; 95%), a radical resection (CC 0/1) was achieved. Median operating time was 559 min (253–900) with a median need of packed red blood cells of 1.1 (0–7) or fresh frozen plasma of 4.4 (0–20) concentrates. Twenty (33.3%) patients experienced 24 Dindo-Clavien grade III/IV complications (24/63; 38.1%). Postoperative 30- and 90-day mortality was 0% in our study population. Five-year OS was 43%, 5-year DFS 33%. Conclusions Due to thorough preoperative patient evaluation, strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, and intense collaboration with other specialties, we were able to achieve an excellent 5-year OS of 43% with a CC score of 0/1 in 95% of our patient population. We were able to demonstrate the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of CRS + HIPEC in patients suffering from PSM at our institution.

Background Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignant neoplasms worldwide. Up to 30% of the patients present in an emergency setting despite an established screening program. Emergency colorectal resection is associated with increased mortality and morbidity as well as worse oncological outcome. This study aims to analyze the impact on tumor recurrence and survival in patients with an emergency colorectal resection, independent of sex, age, and tumor stage. Methods Patients, who underwent an oncological resection for colorectal cancer at the Medical University of Innsbruck, Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, between January 2003 and December 2018 were analyzed retrospectively and screened for emergency resections. Matched pairs were formed to analyze the impact of emergency operations on long-term outcomes, considering tumor stage, sex, and age, comparing it with elective patients. Results In total, 4.5% out of 1297 patients underwent surgery in an emergency setting. These patients had higher UICC (Union internationale contre le cancer) stages than elective patients. After matching the patients for age, sex, and tumor stage, emergency patients still had higher mortality. The incidence of recurrence was higher (47.5% vs. 25.4%, p  = 0.003) and the 5-year overall survival decreased (35.6% vs. 64.4%, p  < 0.001) compared to the matched patients with elective resection. Correcting for 90-day mortality still a reduction in the 5-year overall survival was demonstrated (44% vs. 70%, p  = 0,001). The left-sided colon tumors were more common in the emergency group (45.8% vs. 25.4%, p  = 0.006) and the rectal tumors in the elective one (21.2% vs. 3.4%, p  = 0.002). Conclusion Patients undergoing emergency resection for colorectal cancer have a decreased tumor-specific and overall survival compared to patients after elective resection, independent of age, sex, and tumor stage, even after correcting for 90-day mortality. These findings confirm the importance of colorectal cancer awareness and screening to reduce emergency resections.

Purpose This study analyzed the prevalence and factors influencing the history of chronic anastomotic leakage following low anterior resection for rectal cancer. Furthermore, the treatment of a persisting presacral sinus and the impact of stoma reversal on outcome were evaluated. Methods The institutional database was scanned for all patients with anastomotic leakage, who were primarily treated for low rectal cancer between January 1995 and December 2019. Patients with rectovaginal and rectovesical fistula or an inadequate follow-up were excluded ( n  = 5). After applying the exclusion criteria, 71 patients remained for analysis. Results A total of 39 patients out of 71 patients with anastomotic leakage ( 54.9% ) developed a persisting presacral sinus. Neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy or chemotherapy showed a significant impact on the formation of a chronic anastomotic leakage (radiochemotherapy: p  = 0.034; chemotherapy: p  = 0.050), while initial surgical treatment showed no difference for anastomotic healing ( p  = 0.502), but a significantly better overall survival ( p  = 0.042). Multiple therapies and surgical revision had a negative impact on patients’ rate of natural bowel continuity ( p  = 0.006/ < 0.001). In addition, the stoma reversal cohort showed improved overall 10-year survival ( p  = 0.004) and functional results (bowel continuity: p  = 0.026; pain:  p  = 0.031). Conclusion Primary surgical therapy for chronic anastomotic leakage should consist of surgical treatment. Furthermore, the reversal of a protective stoma should be considered a viable option in treating chronic presacral sinus to improve pain symptoms and bowel continuity.

Background Open abdomen (OA) treatment with negative-pressure therapy is a novel treatment option for a variety of abdominal conditions. We here present a cohort of 160 consecutive OA patients treated with negative pressure and a modified adaptation technique for dynamic retention sutures. Methods From May 2005 to October 2010, a total of 160 patients—58 women (36 %); median age 66 years (21–88 years); median Mannheim peritonitis index 25 (5–43) underwent emergent laparotomy for diverse abdominal conditions (abdominal sepsis 78 %, ischemia 16 %, other 6 %). Results Hospital mortality was 21 % (13 % died during OA treatment); delayed primary fascia closure was 76 % in the intent-to-treat population and 87 % in surviving patients. Six patients required reoperation for abdominal abscess and five patients for anastomotic leakage; enteric fistulas were observed in five (3 %) patients. In a multivariate analysis, factors correlating significantly with high fascia closure rate were limited surgery at the emergency operation and a Björk index of 1 or 2; factors correlating significantly with low fascia closure rate were male sex and generalized peritonitis. Conclusions With the aid of initially placed dynamic retention sutures, OA treatment with negative pressure results in high rates of delayed primary fascia closure. OA therapy with the technical modifications described is thus considered a suitable treatment option in various abdominal emergencies.

Purpose Resection of a long rectal stump after previous colectomy or Hartmann procedure often requires a combined transperitoneal and transperineal approach because of limited access through a perineal incision alone. Risks associated with this procedure include iatrogenic injury to bowels, nerves, ureters, vessels and sexual organs. This study reports on the feasibility and safety of perianal minimally invasive surgery (PAMIS) for the resection of long rectal stumps that would otherwise require a combined transperitoneal and perianal approach. Methods PAMIS utilizes standard laparoscopic equipment and a single access port to dissect the rectal stump following the mesorectal fascia into the pelvis after excision of the anal canal. Three PAMIS procedures were performed between February and April 2016. Feasibility, safety and outcome were analysed. Results Three patients with previous colectomy and ostomy creation due to colitis ulcerosa ( n  = 2) and idiopathic enteropathy ( n  = 1) underwent PAMIS. The rectal stump length ranged between 10 and 19 cm. The median postoperative length of stay was 9 (range 6 to 11) days and the median operating time was 90 (range 80 to 120) min. There were no perioperative complications. Conclusion PAMIS is a feasible, safe and efficient procedure for rectal stump resection avoiding the transperitoneal approach for pelvic dissection.

Diagnosis and treatment of diverticulitis in immunosuppressed patients are more challenging than in immunocompetent patients, as maintenance immunosuppressive therapies may mask symptoms or impair the patient’s ability to counteract the local and systemic infective sequelae of diverticulitis. The purpose of this study was to compare the in-hospital mortality and morbidity due to diverticulitis in immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients and identify risk factors for lethal outcomes. This retrospective study included consecutive in-patients who received treatment for colonic diverticulitis at our institution between April 2008 and April 2014. Patients were divided into immunocompetent and immunosuppressed groups. Primary end points were mortality and morbidity during treatment. Risk factors for death were evaluated. Of the 227 patients included, 15 (6.6%) were on immunosuppressive therapy for solid organ transplantation, autoimmune disease, or cerebral metastasis. Thirteen of them experienced colonic perforation and showed higher morbidity (p = 0.039). Immunosuppressed patients showed longer stays in hospital (27.6 v. 14.5 d, p = 0.016) and in the intensive care unit (9.8 v. 1.1 d, p < 0.001), a higher rate of emergency operations (66% v. 29.2%, p = 0.004), and higher in-hospital mortality (20% v. 4.7%, p = 0.045). Age, perforated diverticulitis with diffuse peritonitis, emergency operation, C-reactive protein > 20 mg/dL, and immunosuppressive therapy were significant predictors of death. Age (hazard ratio [HR] 2.57, p = 0.008) and emergency operation (HR 3.03, p = 0.003) remained significant after multivariate analysis. Morbidity and mortality due to sigmoid diverticulitis is significantly higher in immunosuppressed patients. Early diagnosis and treatment considering elective sigmoid resection for patients with former episodes of diverticulitis who are wait-listed for transplant is crucial to prevent death. Le diagnostic et le traitement des diverticulites sont plus délicats chez les patients immunosupprimés que chez les patients immunocompétents, étant donné que les thérapies immunosuppressives d’entretien peuvent masquer les symptômes ou réduire la capacité du patient à lutter contre les infections locales ou systémiques pouvant découler de la diverticulite. La présente étude avait pour but de comparer les taux de mortalité et de morbidité en milieu hospitalier associés à la diverticulite chez des patients immunosupprimés et immunocompétents et de cerner les facteurs de risque de décès. Cette étude rétrospective portait sur des patients traités consécutivement pour une diverticulite du côlon hospitalisés dans notre établissement entre avril 2008 et avril 2014. Les patients ont été divisés en 2 groupes : immunocompétents et immunosupprimés. Les résultats primaires à l’étude étaient la mortalité et la morbidité pendant le traitement, et nous avons évalué les facteurs de risque de décès. Parmi les 227 patients retenus, 15 (6,6 %) suivaient une thérapie immunosuppressive en raison d’une greffe d’organe plein, d’une maladie auto-immune ou de métastases cérébrales. Parmi eux, 13 ont subi une perforation du côlon et présentaient un taux de morbidité supérieur (p = 0,039). Les patients immunosupprimés sont restés plus longtemps à l’hôpital (27,6 j c. 14,5 j, p = 0,016) et à l’unité de soins intensifs (9,8 j c. 1,1 j, p < 0,001), et présentaient des taux supérieurs d’intervention d’urgence (66 % c. 29,2 %, p = 0,004) et de mortalité pendant l’hospitalisation (20 % c. 4,7 %, p = 0,045). L’âge, une diverticulite perforée avec péritonite diffuse, une opération d’urgence, un résultat de protéine C réactive > 20 mg/dL et une thérapie immunosuppressive étaient des prédicteurs de décès significatifs. L’âge (rapport de risque [RR] 2,57, p = 0,008) et une opération d’urgence (RR 3,03, p = 0,003) sont demeurés significatifs après l’exécution d’une analyse multivariée. Les taux de morbidité et de mortalité attribuables à une diverticulite du sigmoïde sont significativement plus élevés chez les patients immunosupprimés que chez les autres patients. Afin de prévenir les décès, il est essentiel de diagnostiquer et de traiter rapidement, possiblement par résection du sigmoïde, les patients ayant déjà souffert de diverticulite qui sont sur une liste d’attente pour une greffe.

The benefit of robotic systems for general surgery is a matter of debate. We compare our initial series of robotic splenectomies with our first series of conventional laparoscopic ones. A retrospective analysis of the first six robotic versus the first six conventional laparoscopic splenectomies is presented. Patients were matched with regard to age, bodymass index, ASA score, and preoperative platelet levels. All procedures were performed by a single surgeon. Size and weight of the resected specimens were comparable in both groups. Median overall operating time was 154 (range, 115–292) min for the robotic and 127 (range, 95–174) min for the laparoscopic group. No complications occurred. There were no open conversions. The median postoperative hospital stay was 7 (robotic group) and 6 (laparoscopic group) days. Median average costs were$6927 for the robotic procedure versus $ 4084 for the conventional laparoscopic procedure (p < 0.05). Minimally invasive splenectomies are feasible using either conventional laparoscopic techniques or the da Vinci™ robotic system. In this analysis, procedures performed with the da Vinci™ robotic system resulted in prolonged overall operative time and significantly higher procedural costs. The use of a robotic system for laparoscopic splenectomy offers, at this stage, no relevant benefit and thus is not justified.

Background Postoperative morbidity remains a significant clinical problem and may alter long-term outcome particularly after neoadjuvant chemoradiation in patients with locally advanced low rectal cancer. The aim of the present study was to identify a potential long-term effect of postoperative morbidity. Methods Analysis of prospectively collected data of 90 consecutive patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiation and curative mesorectal excision for locally advanced (cT3/4, Nx, M0/1) adenocarcinoma of the mid and lower third of the rectum during a 7-year period (1996–2002). Results Major postoperative complications occurred in 17.8% and minor complications in 26.6% of patients. Hospital mortality and 30-day mortality was 0%. Infectious complications were seen in 34.5%. The leading causes of infectious complications were anastomotic leakage and perineal wound infection. Postoperative morbidity was statistically significantly associated with gender ( P  < 0.05), pre-therapeutic haemoglobin level ( P  < 0.05), ASA score ( P  < 0.05), hospitalisation ( P  < 0.001) and clinical long-time course ( P  < 0.01). Moreover, early postoperative morbidity was proven as an independent prognostic factor concerning disease-free ( P  < 0.05) and overall survival ( P  < 0.05). Conclusion Early postoperative morbidity in patients with preoperative chemoradiation due to locally advanced low rectal cancer is demonstrated as an independent prognosticator. Gender, pre-therapeutic haemoglobin level and ASA score indicate patients at risk for early postoperative complications and may therefore serve as predictive features.