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While Europe's response to the pandemic has been laudable, there remains more to be done in order to prevent economic scarring and ensure a robust recovery.While Europe's response to the pandemic has been laudable, there remains more to be done in order to prevent economic scarring and ensure a robust recovery.

Exporters face stiff tariffs to sell goods to their most important foreign market, the United States. [...]Europe's working-age population is set to shrink by 54 million by the end of this century, making it all the harder to generate growth and lift living standards. The total market capitalization of the bloc's stock exchanges was about $12 trillion in 2024, or 60 percent of the GDP of the participating countries. By comparison, the two largest stock exchanges in the US had a combined market capitalization of $60 trillion, or over 200 percent of domestic GDP. The continent needs capital markets to channel savings into large-scale long-term investments in risky but potentially revolutionary ideas.

The 'Gulf Falcons'-the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council-have high living standards as a result of large income flows from oil. The decline of oil prices between summer 2014 and fall 2015 underscores the urgency for the Gulf Falcons to diversify away from their current heavy reliance on oil exports. This book discusses attempts at diversification in the Middle East and North Africa and the complex choices policymakers face. It brings together the views of academics and policymakers to offer practical advice for future efforts to increase productivity growth.--

The SDN discusses the main policy issues and challenges in building an inclusive and safe Islamic finance industry, with emphasis on Islamic banking and Sukuk markets. To this end, it discuses why Islamic finance matters, taking into account its recent and prospective growth; and, its potential contributions in terms of financial inclusion, support for small- and medium-sized enterprises and investment in public infrastructure and, in principle, reduced systemic risk. It then covers a range of regulatory and other challenges, and offers policy advice, to address factors that hamper the development of the industry and, more generally, the delivery of its potential benefits. The paper covers regulatory and supervisory issues, safety nets and resolution frameworks, access to finance, Sukuk markets, and macroeconomic policies.

Among its pastoral reforms, Vatican II provided for the following: \"The diaconate can in the future be restored as a proper and permanent rank of the hierarchy\" (Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, No. 29). Married and single men who hold this office, now numbering almost 1,000 in the United States, have come to be known as \"permanent deacons\" or, sometimes, \"lay deacons.\"

Financial sector reform in the Baltic countries is reviewed in light of the banking crises that emerged during the reform period. It is argued that the crises had their roots in the structural deficiencies specific to planned economies and the financial environment that developed before and after these countries regained their independence, thus rendering them largely inevitable. Because of the low level of financial intermediation, however, even the failure of large banks had limited systemic effects and a minor negative impact on output and incomes. The crises slowed down the financial reform process, but brought about a desired consolidation of the banking sector.