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This work shows the design of a high-efficiency solar cell in an indium-gallium-arsenide/–gallium-arsenide multiple quantum well (MQW) structure. The main concerns regarding the solar cell are its fabrication complexity, design complexity, and efficiency. Tandem solar cells are designed to absorb the maximum amount of solar energy. In a tandem structure, different positive-negative junctions are responsible for absorbing different portions of the solar spectrum. Besides this, the embedded MQW structure also helps to increase the efficiency of the solar cell. The maximum efficiency of the tandem solar cell in the different material structures is reported to be around 45%–46%. Proper matching of different material parameters such as the lattice-matched semiconductor and thickness of the tandem solar cell can increase the efficiency of the solar cell. This paper introduces a tandem solar cell having an efficiency of around 50%. This comparative study shows the improved performance of the proposed solar cell. A graphical user interface is also developed for solar cell simulation.

A class of strange stars is analysed in the present article in hydrostatic equilibrium, whose state is defined by a CFL phase equation of state. We have compared our results with those obtained from the MIT equation of state for strange quark matter, which is regarded as free particles. We have noted that if we consider quarks to form a cooper pair and if their description is made by the CFL equation of state, the maximum mass of strange star reaches a value as high as 3.61 M ⊙ . This value is well above the value of 2.03 M ⊙ obtained by using the MIT bag equation of state for massless free quarks. Both the maximum masses are determined by solving the TOV equation for different values of the strange quark mass m s . Thus, the inclusion of the possibility of quark pair formation in the theory permits us to accommodate a wider class of compact objects such as PSR J1614-2230, PSR J0740+6620, PSR J0952-0607 etc. and the mass of the companion star in the GW190814 event in our model. The consideration of such a high value of mass is hardly theoretically obtainable from normal strange star models in general relativity even with a fast rotation effect. The object PSR J0952-0607 is found to be the fastest and heaviest pulsar in the disk of Milky Way Galaxy, having a mass of 2.35 M ⊙ , which may be predicted in our model, as observational evidence supports the existence of strange quark matter in its composition.

Historically characterised by its labour-intensive nature and low productivity, the construction industry is witnessing a technological revolution. Among these advancements, 3D printing stands out as a frontrunner, offering the potential to automate construction processes, reduce material waste, shorten project timelines, and mitigate risks associated with manual labour. This study explores the transformative capacity of large-scale 3D printing in construction, examining current progress, potential trajectories, and inherent limitations. Furthermore, it assesses the impact of expanded 3D printing adoption on the construction labour market. Our findings highlight 3D printing’s potential to significantly diminish the need for manual labour, addressing labour shortages, particularly in countries reliant on immigrant labour forces. However, its effectiveness may vary in regions with competitive labour costs where manual labour remains prevalent. Integrating 3D printing in construction necessitates cultivating a specialised workforce with expertise in this innovative technology. In conclusion, this study underscores the transformative influence of 3D printing in construction, offering increased efficiency, reduced labour dependency, and solutions to industry challenges. Adapting 3D printing adoption to regional labour dynamics and workforce upskilling is essential for maximising its benefits. As the construction industry evolves, embracing 3D printing emerges as a pivotal factor in shaping its future landscape.

Since the discovery of type-II Dirac semimetal (DSM) as the potential candidate for topological superconductor, magneto-transport studies on diverse type-II DSMs have been of tremendous research interest. Here we report the structural and magneto-transport properties of type-II DSM candidate Ir2In8S under high pressure. With increasing pressure, this shows dramatic suppression of its characteristic large magneto-resistance, which is however partially regained upon release of pressure. No superconductivity has emerged with increasing pressures up to ∼20 GPa. However, in the pressure-released sample a significant resistivity drop below ∼4 K has been detected. The field dependent resistivity and dc magnetization measurements confirm this as superconducting onset. Ir2In8S thus becomes a unique system exhibiting large MR above the superconducting transition. X-ray diffraction results show that the ambient tetragonal structure (P42/mnm) remains stable up to ∼7 GPa, above which this undergoes a reversible structural transition into an orthorhombic structure (Pnnm). The observed enhanced residual resistivity and concurrent increase in carrier density of the normal metal state of the pressure-cycled sample indicate that the enhanced impurity scattering plays a significant role in the emergence of superconductivity.

Monoclinic nickel molybdate (NiMoO 4 ) micro-crystals were synthesized via a conventional solid-state synthesis route with a prospective to investigate its conductivity response with high-temperature evolution and phenomenal electrochemical performance for supercapacitor application. The tenacious phase formation, Raman active phonon vibration and metal oxide (Ni–O, Mo–O) stretching vibration in octahedral and tetrahedral sites of as-synthesized NiMoO 4 were confirmed by X-ray diffraction techniques, Raman and FTIR spectra. The UV-DRS absorbance spectra of NiMoO 4 exhibits several effective absorption peaks in the UV–Visible wavelength range (200–800 nm). The optical band gap of NiMoO 4 was estimated at 2.50 eV experimentally with the famous Kubelka–Munk equation and theoretically correlated with the result obtained from the density of states (DOS) calculation. The saturation magnetization of NiMoO 4 diminished from 0.0026 to 0.0013 emu g −1 . significantly due to the embodiment of MWCNT but the coercivity maintain a minute change. Lessening of real ( Z ′) and imaginary impedance ( Z ″) with temperature was observed with high-temperature evolution (633–773 K) and the Nyquist plots were well fitted with equivalent circuit model (QR)(QR)(CR) network. The temperature-dependent frequency exponent ( n ) suggested the band-correlated barrier-hopping process in high temperature for the conduction mechanism of NiMoO 4 . The maximum specific capacitance ( C sp ) was estimated 518 F g −1 for NiMoO 4 at current density 5 Ag −1 and its value intensified up to 1050 A g −1 at current density 5 Ag −1 in MWCNT-integrated NiMoO 4 . Imperatively, the upmost energy density 66.12 Wh Kg −1 was detected at power density 1075 W Kg −1 for MWCNT-blended NiMoO 4 which is significantly larger than pristine NiMoO 4 (energy density 42.28 Wh Kg −1 at power density 612 W Kg −1 ) at a current density 5 Ag −1 , which reveals their great potential application as a supercapacitor and energy storage technology.

Quaternary logic can be implemented using quantum dot gate-quantum dot channel field effect transistors (QDG-QDCFETs) which produce four states in their transfer characteristics. A circuit model is used to simulate a four-state state inverter which is the basic building block of any multi-valued logic (MVL) circuit design. A basic problem of MVL implementation is the noise margin. The stable nature of the transfer characteristics of the QDG-QDCFET can make them a promising circuit element in future MVL circuit design. Comparison of fabricated device characteristics and the model data is shown.

This paper presents the fabrication of single level cell (SLC), multi-level cell (MLC), triple-level cell (TLC) and quadruple level cell (QLC) using quantum dot gate non-volatile memory (QDNVM). QDNVM can store multiple bits in its discrete quantum dots in the gate region which represents different states of the memory cell. The precise control of charge storage in the discrete quantum dots I the gate region of the QDNVM solves the reliability issues of MLC and TLC. Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) is very compact memory device which needs to refresh periodically. Use of QDNVM will increase the bit storing capability of DRAM. Compact design and increase bit handling capability of designed DRAM will help to increase the information density per unit area.

The agroforestry system is the best option to achieve the net zero carbon emissions target for India. Keeping this view, carbon sequestration and credit potential of gamhar based agroforestry system has been assessed. The experiment was carried out in randomized block design in seven different treatments with five replications. Gamhar tree biomass accumulation was higher in gamhar based agroforestry system compared to sole gamhar. Among different tree components, stem contributed a maximum to total gamhar tree biomass followed by roots, leaves and branches. The average contributions of stems, roots, leaves and branches in total tree biomass in two annual cycles (2016–17 and 2017–18) varied between 50 and 60, 19.8 and 20, 19.2 and 20, and 10.7 and 12.7 percent, respectively. In case of crops, above ground, below ground and total biomass was significantly higher in sole intercrops than gamhar based agroforestry system. Total (Tree + interrops + Soil) carbon stock, carbon sequestration, carbon credit and carbon price were significantly affected by treatments, and was maximum in Sole Greengram-Mustard. Net carbon emission was also recorded lowest in Sole Greengram-Mustard for which the values were 811.55% and 725.24% and 760.69% lower than Sole Gamhar in 2016–17, 2017–18 and in pooled data, respectively.

Reinforced concrete (RC) is one of the most versatile materials used worldwide due to its strength, mouldability, excellent design life and low maintenance cost. The RC structure sustains several types of load during its service period. Unpredictable loads, such as blast loads, may come to the structure intentionally or accidentally. It is necessary to assess the behaviour of the structural element and its strengthening techniques. Structural elements may strengthen using Aramid fibre, CFRP, GFRP, etc. In the case of blast loading, armour is used as an external strengthening and gives better protection than other strengthening techniques. Armour is a protective material to protect any structural element from the sudden impact of load. Based on the composition, armours are broadly categorised as ceramic-based (Glass-ceramic), metal and alloy-based (steel) and composite ceramic (Fibre reinforced polymer with metal). Composite ceramic is lightweight and cost-effective compared with other armour materials. This study has discussed a detailed review of armour, and available experimental and numerical modelling data have been compared to evaluate its performance. It shows that numerical simulation can predict more accurately. Several types of armour damage have been observed, from which the critical parameters are maximum central deflection and plastic deformation of the armour sheet. Plastic deformation of the armour sheet increases when sheet thickness reduces. However, it performed better in bending when the thickness of the plate increased.

A spatial wave-function switched field effect transistor (SWSFET) conducts through different channels within its structure. The switching of charge carriers between different channels can be controlled by the gate voltage. The self-consistent Schrodinger and Poisson equation solution can explain the switching of charge population in different channels of a SWSFET. A circuit model is developed by modifying the BSIM 3.2.2 IGFET (Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistor) model. Different circuits can be designed for a SWSFET with less circuit elements than conventional CMOS. The innovative circuit design using the SWSFET can make only electrons participate in the circuit operation with better performance. This work discusses the design of an ultrafast 3-in-1 multiplexer and 1-to-3 demultiplexer using the SWSFET where only one SWSFET is used to design the circuit.