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International experts from law, economics and political science provide in-depth analysis of international trade issues. Attorneys, economists and political scientists adopt a common viewpoint, entitled 'transcending the ostensible'. This approach directs particular attention to the possibility that WTO legal institutions, like other international legal institutions, will function in unexpected ways due to the political and economic conditions of the international environment in which they have been created, and in which they operate. A range of trade problems are considered here. Topics include the constitutional dimensions of international trade law, adding subjects and restructuring existing subjects to international trade law, the legal relations between developed and developing countries, and the operation of the WTO dispute settlement procedure. This will be an essential volume for professionals and academics involved with international trade policy.

International experts from law, economics and political science provide in-depth analysis of international trade issues. Attorneys, economists and political scientists adopt a common viewpoint, entitled 'transcending the ostensible'. This approach directs particular attention to the possibility that WTO legal institutions, like other international legal institutions, will function in unexpected ways due to the political and economic conditions of the international environment in which they have been created, and in which they operate. A range of trade problems are considered here. Topics include the constitutional dimensions of international trade law, adding subjects and restructuring existing subjects to international trade law, the legal relations between developed and developing countries, and the operation of the WTO dispute settlement procedure. This will be an essential volume for professionals and academics involved with international trade policy.

This is a book about current problems affecting the law and institutions of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The particular problems treated in this book have recently risen to particular prominence due to the WTO's decision, at its November 2001 Ministerial Meeting in Doha, Qatar, to launch a new round of trade negotiations. The need to deal with these issues was a key reason for launching the new negotiations, while the problems themselves, if not resolved, will stand as obstacles to the success of those negotiations.In recognition of Professor Robert E. Hudec's scholarly contributions to international trade law, participants at the conference in his honor were invited to employ, in their treatment of the WTO problems they had chosen to discuss, a particular analytical approach for which Hudec's scholarship is known. Known to conference participants as “Transcending the Ostensible,” the approach directs particular attention to the possibility that WTO legal institutions, like other international legal institutions, will function in unexpected ways due to the political and economic conditions of the international environment in which they have been created, and in which they operate. Like all international legal institutions, WTO legal institutions are designed to affect the behavior of governments, rather than private persons and institutions. Government behavior is determined by the domestic political forces engaged on the issue in question.

This volume represents the collaboration of thirty-eight authorities in the field of international trade who were willing to take part in a creative endeavor. Together, these attorneys, economists, and political scientists adopted a common viewpoint to examine different trade-related issues. That viewpoint is summed up in this book's title as one of political economy, and described in detail in the book's introduction.The endeavor is a tribute to the contributions of Robert E. Hudec on the occasion of his retirement from the University of Minnesota Law School. For decades, Bob Hudec has explored problems of international trade, blending the legal, political, and economic factors at play into comprehensible explanations of the actions of nations. With clarity and wit, he has shared his insights with others in the numerous works listed in the bibliography at the end of the book. It is a fitting tribute that others should adopt the same methodology in their examinations of the timely trade issues addressed in this book.Even before beginning his career in international trade law, Professor Hudec had distinguished himself: Rhodes Scholar, magna cum laude graduate of Yale University Law School, editor-in-chief of the Yale Law Journal, and law clerk to Justice Potter Stewart of the United States Supreme Court. It is no surprise that he has gone on to gain international respect for his research and writing, and has been selected repeatedly to serve on GATT/WTO and NAFTA dispute settlement panels.

•Describes the ABCD study aims and design.•Covers issues surrounding estimation of meaningful associations, including population inferences, effect sizes, and control of covariates.•Outlines best practices for reproducible research and reporting of results.•Provides worked examples that illustrate the main points of the paper. The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study is the largest single-cohort prospective longitudinal study of neurodevelopment and children's health in the United States. A cohort of n = 11,880 children aged 9–10 years (and their parents/guardians) were recruited across 22 sites and are being followed with in-person visits on an annual basis for at least 10 years. The study approximates the US population on several key sociodemographic variables, including sex, race, ethnicity, household income, and parental education. Data collected include assessments of health, mental health, substance use, culture and environment and neurocognition, as well as geocoded exposures, structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and whole-genome genotyping. Here, we describe the ABCD Study aims and design, as well as issues surrounding estimation of meaningful associations using its data, including population inferences, hypothesis testing, power and precision, control of covariates, interpretation of associations, and recommended best practices for reproducible research, analytical procedures and reporting of results.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) represent a formidable challenge for psychiatry and neuroscience because of their high prevalence, lifelong nature, complexity and substantial heterogeneity. Facing these obstacles requires large-scale multidisciplinary efforts. Although the field of genetics has pioneered data sharing for these reasons, neuroimaging had not kept pace. In response, we introduce the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE)—a grassroots consortium aggregating and openly sharing 1112 existing resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (R-fMRI) data sets with corresponding structural MRI and phenotypic information from 539 individuals with ASDs and 573 age-matched typical controls (TCs; 7–64 years) (http://fcon_1000.projects.nitrc.org/indi/abide/). Here, we present this resource and demonstrate its suitability for advancing knowledge of ASD neurobiology based on analyses of 360 male subjects with ASDs and 403 male age-matched TCs. We focused on whole-brain intrinsic functional connectivity and also survey a range of voxel-wise measures of intrinsic functional brain architecture. Whole-brain analyses reconciled seemingly disparate themes of both hypo- and hyperconnectivity in the ASD literature; both were detected, although hypoconnectivity dominated, particularly for corticocortical and interhemispheric functional connectivity. Exploratory analyses using an array of regional metrics of intrinsic brain function converged on common loci of dysfunction in ASDs (mid- and posterior insula and posterior cingulate cortex), and highlighted less commonly explored regions such as the thalamus. The survey of the ABIDE R-fMRI data sets provides unprecedented demonstrations of both replication and novel discovery. By pooling multiple international data sets, ABIDE is expected to accelerate the pace of discovery setting the stage for the next generation of ASD studies.