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\"رحلة موجين\" للكاتب كيم سونغ أوك\" يعيش بطل القصة في سيول، ويستعد لاعتلاء منصب كبير في شركة الأدوية التي يعمل بها، ولذا وبناء على اقتراح زوجته يقرر القيام برحلة إلى مسقط رأسه \"موجين\"، لأخذ قسط من الراحة قبل بدء مهام المنصب الجديد. وفي \"موجين\" المليئة بالضباب، يلتقي بأصدقائه القدامى ويتعرف على مدرسة الموسيقى، وتتطود علاقتهما خلال تلك الرحلة. فيا ترى كيف ستنتهي رحلته في مدينة الضباب ؟، وفي قصة \"السكير\" للكاتب \"تشوي إن هو\" رسمت القصة الطابع العبثي للمجتمع، من خلال تصوير حياة وعادات السكارى الذين يحاولون الهروب من الواقع، وذلك عبر حكاية الصبي الذي يخترق عالم الكبار في وقت مبكر، حيث يذهب إلى عدد من الحانات للبحث عن أبيه، ويبلغ السكارى بحالة أمه الحرجة وأنه بحاجة لأن يجد أباه لكي تتحسن حالة أمه، وخلال رحلة البحث عن الأب بين الحانات يقابل العديد من السكارى وينشغل بحياة الليل عن مهمته الأصلية، فأين قد تقذفه أمواج هذه الحياة ؟

Depression is a common serious mental health condition that can have negative personal and social consequences, and managing it is critical for treating depression patients. Forest therapy is emerging as a promising non-pharmacological intervention to improve mental health. However, although the effectiveness of forest therapy programs using forests far from the city has been proven, it is not well known that urban forests can be easily accessed in daily life. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of an urban forest therapy program on depression symptoms, sleep quality, and somatization symptoms of depression patients. To evaluate this, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design was employed. A total of 47 depression patients participated in this study (22 in the urban forest therapy program group and 25 in the control group). The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) were administered to each participant to assess the effects of the urban forest therapy program. The results of this study revealed that depression patients in the urban forest therapy program had significantly alleviated depression symptoms and improved sleep quality and somatization symptoms compared to the control group. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the possibility that the urban forest therapy program could be used as an effective non-pharmacological treatment to alleviate depression disorder.

The study aimed to investigate the psychological and physiological effects of forest therapy programs on adolescents under probation. Fifty probationary teenagers from the Ministry of Gyeonggi Justice Compliance Support Center participated in the study. The study explored the effectiveness of a nonrandomized control group pretest–posttest design forest therapy program. The forest therapy program was conducted for two days and one night for the experimental groups (N = 33), who participated in the forest therapy program, and the control group (N = 17), who received two days of attendance center orders program in the lecture room of the Ministry of Gyeonggi Justice Compliance Support Center. As a result, adolescents under probation who participated in forest therapy programs had a beneficial effect on psychological well-being (K-WBMMS) and HRV’s HF (high frequency) and LF/HF (A ratio of Low Frequency to High Frequency) compared to those who received the general attendance center orders program. These results support that forest therapy programs play a positive role in the psychological and physiological effects of probationary adolescents and can affect the diversity of rehabilitation programs for probationary adolescents.

Depression is considered a widespread mental health problem worldwide. Moreover, anxiety symptoms are very closely related to depression in patients, and it is known that the coexistence rate of depression and anxiety diagnosed simultaneously is high. Treatment and preventive management of depression and anxiety are essential for public health. Forest healing is attracting attention as a form of low-cost preventive medicine that is safe and has no side effects. However, although the physiological and psychological effects have been scientifically proven, it is insufficient to reveal a direct relationship between forest healing and depression. This study investigated the benefits of an urban forest healing program on depression and anxiety symptoms in depressive disorders. We employed a randomized controlled trial design. Forty-seven depressive patients were randomly divided into an urban forest healing program group and a control group. Measures included the Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale (MADRS), the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) questionnaires. Our results revealed that the combination of general treatment and forest healing programs for patients with depression is more effective in improving depression and anxiety than routine treatment alone. We expect our work to serve as a starting point for more sophisticated research discussing the availability of non-pharmacological treatments in forest healing.

A species of giant jellyfish, Nemopilema nomurai , which has appeared only recently in the East China Sea, is an emerging nuisance in the northeastern region of Asia because of its extensive damage to fisheries. Until now, the biomass estimates of these jellyfish have mainly been obtained using trawl sampling and sighting survey methods. However, it is also necessary to determine the origin and diurnal migration patterns of these jellyfish. Drawbacks of the trawl sampling method are that it is effective only in estimating the density of jellyfish population distributed throughout the entire water column and requires considerable time. Another common analysis technique is the sighting method, which is effective only in the estimation of he density of jellyfish distributed in surface areas. The sighting method can determine distributions over wide areas in a short time. This method has limitations in investigating the vertical distribution and swimming behavior of jellyfishes. In our study, we utilized an echo sounding method extensively and effectively to overcome these limitations. Our method involved the use of a scientific echo sounder, acoustic camera, and conductivity-temperature-depth instrument during the drifting of a research vessel at various stations in the Yellow Sea. The acoustical method of particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) was used to analyze the swimming speed according to the vertical distribution of N. nomurai jellyfish. Results of the scientific echo sounder indicated that the jellyfish were mainly present in the water column from the surface up to a depth of 40 m. The mean swimming speed of the jellyfish was estimated as being 0.6 times the bell size (BS), with a tendency to maintain a certain speed. Further, results of a Monte Carlo simulation showed that the swimming speed was in the range of 0.46–0.89 BS. These results might be used as an index in a migration model, which may be useful to forecast the behavior and origin of the giant jellyfish entering inshore areas on a massive scale in northeastern Asia.

This study investigated the effect of mobile-based forest therapy programs on relieving depression to advance non-pharmaceutical treatments for patients with depression. The effects of depression, sleep quality, and physical symptoms were analyzed as measurement indicators to determine the effectiveness of symptom relief in patients with depression. This study used a randomized controlled experiment design. Participants were randomly assigned, and a total of 44 people participated, including 23 in the experimental group and 21 in the control group. The experimental group participated in a mobile-based forest therapy program (participating once a week) for six sessions. As a result of this study, depression patients who participated in the mobile-based forest therapy program conducted in urban forests showed a significant reduction in MADRS (from 21.48 ± 4.05 to 7.13 ± 7.00). In addition, PSQI (from 19.78 ± 7.69 to 14.48 ± 8.11) and PHQ-15 (from 9.87 ± 5.08 to 7.57 ± 5.03) were also found to significantly improve symptoms. This suggests that forest-therapy programs using mobile applications can be applied as non-pharmaceutical interventions to relieve symptoms in patients with depression.

The effect of various tooth spacing on the contact selection and the net-mouth available selection of a dredge for the equilateral Venus clam Gomphina melanaegis is evaluated by applying a contact-probability model based on the SELECT method to the data of paired-gear tests with a control dredge of 12-mm tooth spacing and four test dredges of tooth spacing 16, 20, 24 and 35 mm. A master selection curve was estimated to be s(R) = exp(-11.23R + 4.799)/(1+exp[-11.23R + 4.799]) where, Ris I/d, the ratio of the shell length, I, to the tooth spacing, d. The shell width of 50% retention was slightly smaller than the tooth spacing, which means that size selectivity of teeth was a type of contact selection which was dependent on the tooth spacing. Contact probability, delta, of the clams coming into contact with the teeth were 0.625, 0.467, 0.563, 0.670 and 0.976 for tooth spacing 12, 16, 20, 24 and 35 mm, respectively. This indicates that some clams entered the dredge bagnet without contacting the teeth as the sand clogging the tooth spacing carried them into the bagnet. Available selection curve of the dredge net-mouth with teeth was obtained as delta s(R) + 1 -delta, and examined in terms of the legal landing size of the Venus clam.

This descriptive research was conducted to identify patients' satisfaction with their medical services and their intentions to revisit the facility depending on the size of the public medical institution. The 153 inpatients that were chosen as the subjects for this study were given a structured questionnaire while they were hospitalized in three public hospitals of S, metropolitan city from January 4th to March 31st of 2012. Medical service satisfactions for hospitals that were small or medium-sized were significantly higher than of the larger institutions (t=2.27, p=.025). The correlation between sectorial content of medical services of small, medium and large hospitals and the intentions of re-visitation showed a positive significant correlation in all sectors (administrative procedure, treatment, nursing, examination support, environment facilities).

Dominant intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type C（DI-CMTC） is a dominantly inherited neuropathy that has been classified primarily based on motor conduction velocity tests but is now known to involve axonal and demyelination features.DI-CMTC is linked to tyrosyl-t RNA synthetase（YARS）-associated neuropathies,which are caused by E196 K and G41 R missense mutations and a single de novo deletion（153-156 del VKQV）.It is well-established that these YARS mutations induce neuronal dysfunction,morphological symptoms involving axonal degeneration,and impaired motor performance.The present study is the first to describe a novel mouse model of YARS-mutation-induced neuropathy involving a neuron-specific promoter with a deleted mitochondrial targeting sequence that inhibits the expression of YARS protein in the mitochondria.An adenovirus vector system and in vivo techniques were utilized to express YARS fusion proteins with a Flag-tag in the spinal cord,peripheral axons,and dorsal root ganglia.Following transfection of YARS-expressing viruses,the distributions of wild-type（WT） YARS and E196 K mutant proteins were compared in all expressed regions; G41 R was not expressed.The proportion of Flag/green fluorescent protein（GFP） double-positive signaling in the E196 K mutant-type mice did not significantly differ from that of WT mice in dorsal root ganglion neurons.All adenovirus genes,and even the empty vector without the YARS gene,exhibited GFP-positive signaling in the ventral horn of the spinal cord because GFP in an adenovirus vector is driven by a cytomegalovirus promoter.The present study demonstrated that anatomical differences in tissue can lead to dissimilar expressions of YARS genes.Thus,use of this novel animal model will provide data regarding distributional defects between mutant and WT genes in neurons,the DICMTC phenotype,and potential treatment approaches for this disease.

The growing interest in interlanguage pragmatics reflects the rapid growth in the theoretical and empirical study of pragmatics over the last two decades. Research has shown that grammatical development does not guarantee a corresponding level of pragmatic development. Even advanced language learners often show a marked imbalance between their grammatical and their pragmatic knowledge with pragmatic competence lagging behind grammatical knowledge. This study investigated the effect of both onset age and informal input on Korean adult ESL learner's evolving pragmatic system shown in performing four speech acts, two requests and two apologies. In addition, this study investigated whether learners' level of acculturation to the target language culture was relevant to the input that learners received and associated with their willingness to act in a target culture way. The participants were fifty Korean adult learners of English who came to the U.S. at different ages. Each participant was asked to complete written dialogue tasks and a background questionnaire. Eight out of fifty participants also performed oral role-plays based on the same prompts, which provided data on oral proficiency. Baseline data from twenty-six native speakers of American English allowed the interlanguage data to be compared with target-language utterances elicited in similar circumstances. Two native judges rated participants' performance according to a four-point nativeness rating scale. The performance was also analyzed qualitatively based on the analytical framework of a request and apology-coding scheme. The analyses demonstrated that early onset age, greater informal input, and closer cultural orientation to the target culture had positive effects on learners' pragmatic competence. Also, regression analysis revealed that while each variable did not operate independently as predictor of pragmatic attainment, the variables appeared to behave synergistically in determining learners' level of interlanguage pragmatic competence. In other words, age of arrival, amount of informal input and cultural orientation together contribute significantly to the explanation of the outcome. Based on the findings, I suggest the need to incorporate consciousness-raising activities in the introduction of pragmatics, acknowledging the importance of instruction in the development of pragmatics in L2 discourse fluency.