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Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is one of the most well-known tomato-infecting begomoviruses and transmitted by Bemisia tabaci . Seed transmission has previously been reported for some RNA viruses, but TYLCV has not previously been described as a seed-borne virus. In 2013 and 2014, without whitefly-mediated transmission, TYLCV was detected in young tomato plants germinated from fallen fruits produced from TYLCV-infected tomato plants in the previous cultivation season. In addition, TYLCV-Israel (TYLCV-IL) was also detected in seeds and their seedlings of TYLCV-infected tomato plants that were infected by both viruliferous whitefly-mediated transmission and agro-inoculation. The seed infectivity was 20–100%, respectively and the average transmission rate to seedlings was also 84.62% and 80.77%, respectively. TYLCV-tolerant tomatoes also produced TYLCV-infected seeds, but the amount of viral genome was less than seen in TYLCV-susceptible tomato plants. When tomato plants germinated from TYLCV-infected seeds, non-viruliferous whiteflies and healthy tomato plants were placed in an insect cage together, TYLCV was detected from whiteflies as well as receiver tomato plants six weeks later. Taken together, TYLCV-IL can be transmitted via seeds and tomato plants germinated from TYLCV-infected seeds can be an inoculum source of TYLCV. This is the first report about TYLCV seed transmission in tomato.

Pinus koraiensis leaves (PKL) are phytochemically rich agricultural by-products that remain largely underutilized despite containing diverse bioactive constituents. Although our previous study demonstrated the anti-fatigue potential of PKL, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. This study investigated the anti-fatigue effects and mechanisms of a 50% ethanol extract of PKL and its marker compound lambertianic acid (LA) using integrated in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches. In H₂O₂-challenged C2C12 myotubes, PKL dose-dependently reduced intracellular ROS levels, suppressed NF-κB and IL-6 expression, and enhanced SOD activity, thereby preserving myotube morphology and mitochondrial integrity. LA exerted comparable protective effects. Mechanistically, these responses were associated with activation of the PI3K/NRF2/HO-1 antioxidant axis and upregulation of the SIRT1/PGC-1α/NRF1 mitochondrial biogenesis pathway. Network pharmacology analysis identified PI3K/Akt/mTOR as the central signaling hub, and molecular docking supported favorable binding of LA to an allosteric site on PI3K p110α. In a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced immunological fatigue mouse model, oral administration of PKL and LA significantly improved grip strength and forced-swimming endurance, restored antioxidant enzyme activities and energy metabolism markers, and upregulated mitochondrial biogenesis regulators (SIRT1, PGC-1α, TFAM) in skeletal muscle. Notably, PKL also restored LPS-suppressed PI3K complex expression (p85, p110α), consistent with the in vitro findings. Collectively, these findings provide mechanistic evidence that PKL and LA ameliorate fatigue through PI3K-mediated regulation of oxidative stress and mitochondrial biogenesis, supporting the valorization of PKL as a functional material for fatigue management.

Previous research has shown that leaf (PKL) extract exhibits promising anti-fatigue potential in mice, showing improved exercise endurance, decreased stress-related biochemical markers, and enhanced antioxidant activity. Based on this previous animal study, the present study aims to evaluate the efficacy of PKL extract on fatigue reduction and exercise performance in healthy adults with moderate to severe fatigue. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial will enroll volunteers who meet the eligibility criteria, specifically those with a Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) score of 27 or higher, indicating clinically significant fatigue. Eligible participants will be randomly assigned to either the PKL extract or placebo group. The intervention will consist of daily consumption of the assigned investigational product for 8 weeks, with evaluations conducted at 4-weeks intervals. Primary outcome measures include the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and time to exhaustion during a treadmill exercise test. Secondary outcomes include blood fatigue markers, exercise performance parameters, rating of perceived exertion, visual analogue scale for fatigue, and grip strength. This clinical trial aims to develop PKL extract as a functional health food ingredient for fatigue improvement. The findings will provide evidence regarding the efficacy of PKL extract for alleviating fatigue and enhancing exercise performance in humans.

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a member of the genus Begomovirus , has a single-stranded DNA genome. TYLCV can induce severe disease symptoms on tomato plants, but other hosts plants such as cucurbits and peppers are asymptomatic. A full-length DNA clone of a Korean TYLCV isolate was constructed by rolling-circle amplification from TYLCV-infected tomatoes in Korea. To assess relative susceptibility of sweet pepper varieties to TYLCV, 19 cultivars were inoculated with cloned TYLCV by agro-inoculation. All TYLCV-infected sweet peppers were asymptomatic, even though Southern hybridization and polymerase chain reaction analysis showed TYLCV genomic DNA accumulation in roots, stems, and newly produced shoots. Southern hybridization indicated that TYLCV replicated and moved systemically from agro-inoculated apical shoot tips to roots or newly produced shoots of sweet peppers. Whitefly-mediated inoculation experiments showed that TYLCV can be transmitted to tomatoes from TYLCV-infected sweet peppers. Taken together, these results indicate that sweet pepper can be a reservoir for TYLCV in nature.

Current navigation benchmarks focus on task success but do not capture the economic constraints essential for commercializing autonomous delivery systems. We introduce CostNav, an Economic Navigation Benchmark that evaluates physical AI agents on a cost-revenue and break-even analysis, pairing Isaac Sim's collision and cargo dynamics with industry-standard data such as Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings and Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) injury reports. To our knowledge, CostNav is the first physics-grounded economic benchmark to use regulatory and financial data to quantify the gap between navigation metrics and commercial deployment, revealing that high task-success rates alone do not ensure economic viability. Evaluating seven baselines (two rule-based and five imitation-learning methods), we find no method economically viable: all yield negative contribution margins. CANVAS, using only an RGB camera and GPS, attains the highest task success and the least-negative margin among methods with non-zero Service-Level Agreement (SLA) compliance (-\\ $28.40/run), outperforming LiDAR-equipped Nav2 w/ GPS (-\\$ 37.34/run). A sim-trained policy evaluated on a real delivery robot yields SLA compliance close to its simulation result, indicating that policy performance in CostNav's simulation transfers to real-world deployment. We challenge the community to achieve economic viability on CostNav, which scores methods by cost-revenue outcomes. All resources are available at https://github.com/worv-ai/CostNav.

Recurrence and chemoresistance in colorectal cancer remain important issues for patients treated with conventional therapeutics. Metformin and phenformin, previously used in the treatment of diabetes, have been shown to have anticancer effects in various cancers, including breast, lung and prostate cancers. However, their molecular mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of these drugs in chemoresistant rectal cancer cell lines. We found that SW837 and SW1463 rectal cancer cells were more resistant to ionizing radiation and 5‐fluorouracil than HCT116 and LS513 colon cancer cells. In addition, metformin and phenformin increased the sensitivity of these cell lines by inhibiting cell proliferation, suppressing clonogenic ability and increasing apoptotic cell death in rectal cancer cells. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and transforming growth factor‐β/Smad signaling pathways were more activated in rectal cancer cells, and inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 expression using an inhibitor or siRNA sensitized rectal cancer cells to chemoresistant by inhibition of the expression of antiapoptotic proteins, such as X‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis, survivin and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1. Moreover, metformin and phenformin inhibited cell migration and invasion by suppression of transforming growth factor β receptor 2‐mediated Snail and Twist expression in rectal cancer cells. Therefore, metformin and phenformin may represent a novel strategy for the treatment of chemoresistant rectal cancer by targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and transforming growth factor‐β/Smad signaling. Metformin and phenformin decreased the expression of pro‐apoptotic proteins by inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation at Ser‐727 and suppressed invasion and migration by inhibiting TGFBR2‐mediated signaling

The journal retracts the article, \"Inhibition of EphA2 by Dasatinib Suppresses Radiation-Induced Intestinal Injury\" [...].The journal retracts the article, \"Inhibition of EphA2 by Dasatinib Suppresses Radiation-Induced Intestinal Injury\" [...].

Objective: The study aimed to investigate the effects of varying dietary crude protein levels on laying performance, nitrogen balance, odor emission, and yolk corticosterone in laying hens from 33 to 64 weeks.Methods: Two hundred and forty laying hens (Hy-Line Brown) were randomly assigned to one of four varying protein diets from 18.5% to 12.5% at 33–45 weeks, from 18.0% to 12.0% at 46 to 55 weeks, and from 17.0% to 11.0% at 56 to 64 weeks.Results: Laying performance (i.e., egg weight, egg production, and egg mass, p<0.05) was linearly declined with decreasing dietary crude protein levels. Eggshell thickness decreased (quadratic effect, p = 0.033) at 44 weeks of age, while increased (linear effect, p<0.001) at 52 weeks of age as dietary protein levels lowered. Decreasing dietary protein levels linearly increased (p<0.05) Haugh unit at 52 and 64 weeks. Apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein increased at 45 and 55 weeks of age as dietary protein levels decreased. Lowering dietary protein levels increased the concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (linear effect, p = 0.012) but decreased (linear effect, p = 0.021) uric acid levels in serum samples at 64 weeks of age. Nitrogen excretion linearly declined as dietary protein levels decreased at all ages. Among the odors analyzed, fecal volatile fatty acids increased at 55 weeks of age with decreasing dietary protein levels. Finally, yolk corticosterone was not altered by dietary protein levels during the laying cycle.Conclusion: It is concluded that decreasing dietary protein levels fortified with limiting amino acids can be applied to mitigate nitrogen excretion without affecting nutritionmediated stress in laying hens.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a recurring cancer that is often resistant to conventional therapies and therefore requires the development of molecular‐based therapeutic approaches. Dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) is associated with the growth of many types of tumors, but its oncogenic role in CRC is unclear. Here, we observed that elevated DRD2 expression was associated with a poor survival rate among patients with CRC. Depletion of DRD2 suppressed CRC cell growth and motility by downregulating β‐catenin/ZEB signaling in vitro and in vivo, whereas overexpression of DRD2 promoted CRC cell progression. Inhibition of DRD2 by the antagonist pimozide inhibited tumor growth and lymph node metastasis in vivo and enhanced the cytotoxic effects of conventional agents in vitro. Taken together, our findings indicate that targeting the DRD2/β‐catenin/ZEB1 signaling axis is a potentially promising therapeutic strategy for patients with CRC. We provided targeting the DRD2/β‐catenin/ZEB1 signaling axis as a potentially promising therapeutic strategy for patients with CRC.

Hyaluronic acid synthase 2 (HAS2) is suggested to play a critical role in malignancy and is abnormally expressed in many carcinomas. However, its role in colorectal cancer (CRC) malignancy and specific signaling mechanisms remain obscure. Here, we report that HAS2 was markedly increased in both CRC tissue and malignant CRC cell lines. Depletion of HAS2 in HCT116 and DLD1 cells, which express high levels of HAS2, critically increased sensitivity of radiation/oxaliplatin‐mediated apoptotic cell death. Moreover, downregulation of HAS2 suppressed migration, invasion and metastasis in nude mice. Conversely, ectopic overexpression of HAS2 in SW480 cells, which express low levels of HAS2, showed the opposite effect. Notably, HAS2 loss‐ and gain‐of‐function experiments revealed that it regulates CRC malignancy through TGF‐β expression and SMAD2/Snail downstream components. Collectively, our findings suggest that HAS2 contributes to malignant phenotypes of CRC, at least partly, through activation of the TGF‐β signaling pathway, and shed light on the novel mechanisms behind the constitutive activation of HAS2 signaling in CRC, thereby highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target. HAS2 is preferentially overexpressed in malignant‐type CRC cancer cells compared with that in mildtype CRC. By studying cells with loss‐ and gain‐of‐function of HAS2, we demonstrated that HAS2 is a critical regulator for the malignant behavior of CRC such as therapeutic resistance or metastatic ability. Importantly, HAS2 promoted CRC malignancy through HA ligand‐independent TGF‐β regulation.