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"Kopper, Christopher"
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The organization of transport : a history of users, industry, and public policy
\"Over the past ten years, the study of mobility has demonstrated groundbreaking approaches and new research patterns. These investigations criticize the concept of mobility itself, suggesting the need to merge transport and communication research, and to approach the topic with novel instruments and new methodologies. Following the debates on the role of users in shaping transport technology, new mobility research includes debates from sociology, planning, economy, geography, history, and anthropology. This edited volume examines how users, policy-makers, and industrial managers have organized and continue to organize mobility, with a particularly attention to Europe, North America, and Asia. Taking a long-term and comparative perspective, the volume brings together thirteen chapters from the fields of urban studies, history, cultural studies, and geography. Covering a variety of countries and regions, these chapters investigate how various actors have shaped transport systems, creating models of mobility that differ along a number of dimensions, including public vs. private ownership and operation as well as individual vs. collective forms of transportation. The contributions also examine the extent to which initial models have created path dependencies in terms of technology, physical infrastructure, urban development, and cultural and behavioral preferences that limit subsequent choices\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Germany's National Socialist Transport Policy and the Claim of Modernity: Reality or Fake?
The construction of the extensive motorway network by the Nazi regime has often been seen as a textbook example of a thorough motorisation policy. But the motorway construction took place under a transport policy that favoured public railroads at the expense of private road haulage companies. A strict regulation of freight rates prevented road hauliers from competing with railroads and gaining a greater share of the freight market. The division of administrative and planning competencies between the motor-minded enthusiasts around Hitler's road builder Fritz Todt and the railroad lobby in the Ministry of Transport contributed to a contradictory motorisation policy. Not even the design of the German motorways was favourable to commercial road hauliers. The German Autobahn was built primarily for cars and ignored the needs of the trucking industry.
Journal Article
Mobile Exceptionalism?
The development of bus transport in European countries followed distinctly different paths. Unlike in the liberal economic regimes of the U.K. and the Netherlands, the German transport policy in the interwar years was characterized by a high degree of state intervention, of regulation and restrictions on inter-modal competition. The main purpose of the regulatory regime in Germany was to ensure the profitability of the national railroad, whereas the interests of passengers ranked second. Concessions for private inter-urban bus services were severely restricted by the political priorities for the railroad and the bus lines of the Postal Service.
Journal Article
Mobile Exceptionalism?
The development of bus transport in European countries followed distinctly different paths. Unlike in the liberal economic regimes of the U.K. and the Netherlands, the German transport policy in the interwar years was characterized by a high degree of state intervention, of regulation and restrictions on inter-modal competition. The main purpose of the regulatory regime in Germany was to ensure the profitability of the national railroad, whereas the interests of passengers ranked second. Concessions for private inter-urban bus services were severely restricted by the political priorities for the railroad and the bus lines of the Postal Service.
Journal Article
Le recyclage des pétrodollars
Les transactions sur le marché des pétrodollars sont apparues avant le premier choc pétrolier, mais n'ont prospérées qu'après le quadruplement des prix du pétrole entre 1973 et 1974. Le marché, peu taxé et peu réglementé, des dépôts, obligations et prêts en dollars de Londres, la principale place financière d'Europe, s'est révélé être une institution parfaite pour le recyclage des excédents de paiements des pays de l'Opep. Le marché de l'eurodollar de Londres a canalisé leurs excédents à court terme vers les pays importateurs de pétrole et a stimulé le marché des prêts à long terme pour les pays en développement. Dans les années 1970, les prêts à long terme aux pays en développement étaient devenus un débouché prisé pour les excédents de liquidités des banques. Mais la chute des excédents de paiements des pays de l'Opep, la politique de taux d'intérêt élevés aux États-Unis et la menace d'une pénurie de liquidités dans les banques commerciales ont précipité le rappel de certains prêts et ont amené certains emprunteurs au bord de l'illiquidité. The trading market for the petrodollar revenues emerged before the first oil price crisis, but did not blossom before the quadrupling of the oil price between 1973 to 1974. The little taxed and unregulated market for dollar deposits, bonds and loans at London, the most prominent finance place in Europe, proved to be the perfect institution for the recycling of the OPEC countries payment surplus. The Eurodollar market in London channelled their short-term surpluses back to the oil importing nations and boosted the long-term loan market for the developing nations. In the 1970s, long-term loans to developing countries became a popular outlet for the banks' liquidity surplus. But OPEC's dropping payment surplus, high interest policies in the US and threatening liquidity gaps in the commercial banking sector prompted the recall of loans which brought the debtors to the edge of illiquidity.
Journal Article
European Business, Dictatorship, and Political Risk, 1920-1945
For much of the twentieth century, the prevalence of dictatorial
regimes has left business, especially multinational firms, with a
series of complex and for the most part unwelcome choices. This
volume, which includes essays by noted American and European
scholars such as Mira Wilkins, Gerald Feldman, Peter Hayes, and
Wilfried Feldenkirchen, sets business activity in its political and
social context and describes some of the strategic and tactical
responses of firms investing from or into Europe to a myriad of
opportunities and risks posed by host or home country authoritarian
governments during the interwar period. Although principally a work
of history, it puts into perspective some commercial dilemmas with
which practitioners and business theorists must still unfortunately
grapple.
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