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Self-rated mental health (SRMH), a single item asking individuals to evaluate their mental or emotional health, is included in some surveys as an indicator of risk for mental disorders and to monitor population health, yet little longitudinal research examines how well it predicts future outcomes. Following a life course perspective, the current longitudinal study of 502 Canadian high school seniors tracked into midlife examined to what extent SRMH at ages 20, 25, and 32 years predicted depressive symptoms at ages 43 and 50. Hierarchical linear regressions showed that lower SRMH at age 25 and at 32 years was a significant predictor of higher levels of depressive symptoms at ages 43 and 50, even when controlling for sex, participant education, marital/cohabitation status, self-rated physical health, and baseline depressive symptoms. The results provide evidence that SRMH assessed during the transition to adulthood may be useful as a broad and powerful measure of risk for mental health problems decades into the future.

This paper asks whether concerns about social problems decline with age. Unconditional growth models (without covariates) revealed a decline over 25 years (age 18 to 43) in concerns about racial discrimination, treatment of Aboriginal Peoples, female job discrimination, unemployment and environmental pollution. Educational attainment was not associated with these change trajectories in conditional control models, providing no support for enlightenment or social reproduction hypotheses. Higher household income (age 43) was associated with faster declines in concerns about racial discrimination, treatment of Aboriginal Peoples and unemployment. With household income as a predictor, downward trajectories in treatment of Aboriginal Peoples, female job discrimination and environmental pollution were no longer significant, and the racial discrimination trajectory was reversed direction. These results provide compelling evidence for status defence theory.

The current study examined within-person (transitions in living situation and parent status) and between-persons (age, gender, parent education) predictors of trajectories of depressive and angry symptoms in 577 university graduates (ages 20 to 29) tracked for 7 years. Multilevel models determined that depressive and angry symptoms declined on average. Depressive symptoms were associated with leaving home when younger and living with parents when older. Becoming a parent was associated with increased anger, especially in mothers. These results were obtained after controlling for the effects of marriage and unemployment. Leaving home and parenthood may be turning points that are associated with shifts in trajectories of well-being, depending on stable characteristics such as age and gender.

Unemployment has career scarring effects for adults, and sometimes for youth, but previous research has not directly demonstrated how this occurs. This 14-year (1985-99) longitudinal study reveals that cumulative unemployment between age 18 and age 32 has a negative effect on both total income and quality of employment at age 32. This scarring effect is not mediated by parallel changes in self-esteem, perceived control or extrinsic work values. Labour market mechanisms, rather than social psychological processes, are likely responsible for the career scarring effect of youth unemployment.

The federal government of Canada and several provincial governments are anxious to promote a more balanced distribution of immigrants across the country. Currently, 89 percent of all newcomers settle in large cities, 75 percent in Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal alone. This study examines the internal migration of refugees destined to second- and third-tier cities in Alberta. Their decisions to stay in or leave these communities have significant policy implications. The economic vitality of urban centers, the existence of compatriot communities, and the recognition of immigrant skills and educational credentials all contribute to the retention of newcomers in second- and third-tier cities.

Given that our urban centres have been dominated by the private car for a hundred years, this paper asks what is next for Canadian cities. Previous research on the future of urban mobility, and specifically city planning and autonomous vehicles, has been from an American or Australian context. Working from a uniquely Canadian perspective, this paper fills a gap in the research by analyzing data from twenty-six semi-structured interviews with Canadian planning professionals from Vancouver, Edmonton, Calgary, Winnipeg and Toronto. The interviews discuss how Canadian planners are preparing for new technologies, including autonomous vehicles, and increased privatization. We recommend that large cities move forward with autonomous vehicle research with a goal of improving mobility for all, while ensuring a strong agreement framework with all for-proft mobility providers is in place that requires robust data sharing agreements and appropriate consultation with municipalities before, during, and after launching. Further, planners should further embrace the political realities of their positions and advocate for equitable mobility for all residents both in their day-to-day work and in public engagement settings.

Objective: This paper sought to examine which pre- and post-migration factors might be associated with changes in refugees' health status. Methods: Using linear regression, the associations between pre- and post-migration factors and changes in self-rated mental and physical health status were examined in 525 refugees from the 1998 Settlement Experiences of Refugees in Alberta study. Results: Having spent time in a refugee camp and having held professional/managerial jobs in one's home country were associated with a greater decline in mental health status since arrival in Canada. Having completed a university degree in one's home country was associated with a greater decline in physical health status. Being employed was associated with greater improvements in mental health status. Perceived economic hardship was associated with greater declines in physical health status. A higher number of settlement services received during the first year in Canada was associated with greater improvements in both mental and physical health status. Longer residence in Canada was associated with greater declines in physical health status but not in mental health status. Conclusion: While little can be done to alter refugees' pre-migration experiences, public policies can affect many post-migration experiences in order to mitigate the negative health consequences associated with resettlement. Results of this study point to the need for continued provision of settlement services to assist refugees with job training, labour market access, and credential recognition, as well as counseling for refugees who experienced the trauma of living in a refugee camp. Objectif : Déterminer quels facteurs pré-et post-migratoires pourraient être associés aux changements dans l'état de santé des réfugiés. Méthode : Par régression linéaire à partir de l'étude Settlement Experiences of Refugees in Alberta (1998), nous avons examiné les associations entre les facteurs pré- et post-migratoires et les changements dans l'état de santé mentale et physique autoévalué de 525 réfugiés. Résultats : Le fait d'avoir vécu dans un camp de réfugiés et d'avoir occupé un emploi professionnel ou un poste de cadre dans son pays natal étaient associés à une plus forte dégradation de l'état de santé mentale depuis l'arrivée au Canada. Le fait d'avoir un diplôme universitaire du pays natal était associé à une plus forte dégradation de l'état de santé physique. Le fait d'avoir un emploi était associé à une plus grande amélioration de l'état de santé mentale. Les difficultés économiques perçues étaient associées à une dégradation plus prononcée de l'état de santé physique. Plus les services d'établissement reçus durant la première année au Canada étaient nombreux, plus l'état de santé mentale et physique s'améliorait. Avec le temps, le fait de résider au Canada était associé à une plus forte dégradation de l'état de santé physique, mais pas de l'état de santé mentale. Conclusion : Il y a peu à faire pour modifier l'expérience pré-migratoire des réfugiés, mais les politiques publiques peuvent influer sur de nombreuses expériences post-migratoires afin d'atténuer les conséquences négatives pour la santé associées à la réinstallation. Notre étude montre qu'il faut continuer à offrir des services d'établissement pour aider les réfugiés à acquérir une formation professionnelle, à s'insérer sur le marché du travail et à faire reconnaître leurs titres de compétence, ainsi que des services de counseling aux réfugiés qui ont vécu le traumatisme des camps de réfugiés.

Unemployment has career scarring effects for adults, and sometimes for youth, but previous research has not directly demonstrated how this occurs. This 14-year (1985-99) longitudinal study reveals that cumulative unemployment between age 18 and age 32 has a negative effect on both total income and quality of employment at age 32. This scarring effect is not mediated by parallel changes in self-esteem, perceived control or extrinsic work values. Labour market mechanisms, rather than social psychological processes, are likely responsible for the career scarring effect of youth unemployment.