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An extensive experimental study has been carried out to study the seismic performance of footings on stone columns treated dry sand beds. Physical models have been prepared in a laminar shear box of size 1 m 3 on the shaking table which has a single degree of freedom motion for representing horizontal shaking action under seismic vibrations. Effect of the configuration of stone columns, aspect ratio of footing, relative density of sand bed, frequency and peak ground acceleration (PGA) of cyclic input motion on vertical settlement of footing has been studied. Optimum length of stone columns has been found to lie between 13–16 times the diameter. Direction of shaking perpendicular to length of footing has been found to be more critical. Effect of aspect ratio has been found to be more pronounced at larger PGA. Influence of the frequency on response of footings has also been quantified.

Introduction The Mismatch negativity (MMN) in schizophrenia has been found to be a consistent marker. Prolonged MMN latency and/or diminished MMN amplitude has been found to correlate with negative/positive or cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, though inconsistently. tDCS in schizophrenia a novel approach its effects are being explored in different symptom profile. There are no reliable predictor or neurobilogical marker for its effect on these patients till no. Aim In these study we have tried to explored the relation of MMN with positive or negative symptoms of schizophrenia as well as effect right inferior frontal cortex anodal tDCS. Methodology It was a hospital based randomised, sham controlled prospective study. 40 right handed schizophrenia (ICD-DCR) patients of either sex, aged between 18-45 years were taken by purposive sampling with alternate random allocation of patient in active and sham groups. 20 normal controls were taken. 2 daily sessions, separated by 4 hours, of right inferior frontal cortex anodal tDCS (either active or sham) at 2mA for 25 minutes were given for 5 consecutive days. Symptoms were rated by PANSS at baseline, 5th day of tDCS, 2 week and 4 weeks post session. 40 channels ERP with auditory oddball paradigm for MMN was done at baseline and after last tDCS. ERP for healthy controls were done only once. Result There was no significant inter group difference in terms of improvement in PANSS with tDCS. There was no significant difference at baseline MMN scores between patients and healthy controls. MMN scores were also not correlated with PANSS scores as well as there was no significant changes in MMN parameters with tDCS. Conclusion From the above study it can be concluded that Anodal tDCS stimulation over right inferior frontal cortex did not find significant impact on PANSS Scores, MMN amplitude or latency in patients with schizophrenia.

Introduction The Mismatch negativity (MMN) in schizophrenia has been found to be a consistent marker. Prolonged MMN latency and/or diminished MMN amplitude has been found to correlate with negative/positive or cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, though inconsistently. tDCS in schizophrenia a novel approach its effects are being explored in different symptom profile. There are no reliable predictor or neurobilogical marker for its effect on these patients till no. Aim In these study we have tried to explored the relation of MMN with positive or negative symptoms of schizophrenia as well as effect right inferior frontal cortex anodal tDCS. Methodology It was a hospital based randomised, sham controlled prospective study. 40 right handed schizophrenia (ICD-DCR) patients of either sex, aged between 18-45 years were taken by purposive sampling with alternate random allocation of patient in active and sham groups. 20 normal controls were taken. 2 daily sessions, separated by 4 hours, of right inferior frontal cortex anodal tDCS (either active or sham) at 2mA for 25 minutes were given for 5 consecutive days. Symptoms were rated by PANSS at baseline, 5th day of tDCS, 2 week and 4 weeks post session. 40 channels ERP with auditory oddball paradigm for MMN was done at baseline and after last tDCS. ERP for healthy controls were done only once. Result There was no significant inter group difference in terms of improvement in PANSS with tDCS. There was no significant difference at baseline MMN scores between patients and healthy controls. MMN scores were also not correlated with PANSS scores as well as there was no significant changes in MMN parameters with tDCS. Conclusion From the above study it can be concluded that Anodal tDCS stimulation over right inferior frontal cortex did not find significant impact on PANSS Scores, MMN amplitude or latency in patients with schizophrenia. Key Words: Schizophrenia, ERP, MMN, PANSS

Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes (APS) form the third largest group of neurodegenerative disorders including Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP), Multiple System Atrophy (MSA), and Corticobasal Syndrome (CBS). These conditions are characterized by rapid progression, poor prognosis, low survival rates, and limited treatment options. Few studies have suggested that genetic, environmental factors and inflammation contribute to the pathobiology of these complex disorders, however, the etiology of disease and progression remains unclear. A multicenter prospective longitudinal (3-time point) study will be conducted with a total sample size of 400 across all the groups (PSP, MSA, CBS). Patients with APS will be recruited after a detailed evaluation by movement disorder specialists and obtaining valid informed consent. The socio-demographic data and whole exome sequencing will be performed only at the baseline. Non-invasive procedures such as neurological and cognitive assessments, sleep quality assessments including polysomnography, brain imaging, and retinal imaging will be conducted at each time point. In addition, gene expressions, methylation patterns, inflammatory cytokines, disease-associated pathological proteins (Tau, pTau-181, α-synuclein and β-amyloid), non-targeted proteomics, skin biopsy, and iPSC will be performed at each time point eventually. The statistical analysis will be performed, followed by the developing of machine learning (ML) models. This unique native dataset in APS will enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving pathological protein aggregation and disease progression. Furthermore, the longitudinal design of the study enables a detailed examination of symptom development, progression, and management. The ML models combined with advanced imaging techniques will aid in early diagnosis, differentiation among APS types, and the development of future clinical trials and treatment strategies.

Since ancient times, Azadirachta indica , or Neem, has been a well-known species of plant that produces a broad range of bioactive terpenoid chemicals that are involved in a variety of biological functions. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the biosynthesis and control of terpenoid synthesis is majorly dependent on successfully identifying the genes that are involved in their production. This review provides an overview of the recent developments concerning the identification of genes in A. indica that are responsible for the production of terpenoids. Numerous candidate genes encoding enzymes that are involved in the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway have been found through the use of transcriptomic and genomic techniques. These candidate genes include those that are responsible for the precursor synthesis, cyclization, and modification of terpenoid molecules. In addition, cutting-edge omics technologies, such as metabolomics and proteomics, have helped to shed light on the intricate regulatory networks that govern terpenoid biosynthesis. These networks are responsible for the production of terpenoids. The identification and characterization of genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis in A. indica presents potential opportunities for genetic engineering and metabolic engineering strategies targeted at boosting terpenoid production as well as discovering novel bioactive chemicals.

ObjectiveMultiple system atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative disorder with progressive motor and autonomic dysfunction. There is a paucity of information on the early neurostructural changes in MSA, especially its subtypes, MSA-P (patients with predominant parkinsonism) and MSA-C (patients with predominant cerebellar signs). This study investigates the abnormalities of grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) in early MSA and its subtypes using multi-modal voxel-based analysis.Materials and methodsTwenty-six patients with MSA with duration of symptoms ≤ 2.5 years (mean duration: 1.6 ±0.9 years) were assessed clinically and with 3T MRI. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were performed to identify the structural changes in MSA and its subtypes. The GM changes and diffusion parameters of WM tracts were correlated with the clinical scores. The results were compared with MRI of 25 age- and gender-matched healthy controls.ResultsThe early structural changes in MSA included GM loss of the cerebellum and subcallosal gyrus with widespread involvement of supratentorial and infratentorial WM fibres. In MSA-C, GM loss was limited to the cerebellum with WM changes predominantly affecting the infratentorial WM and association tracts. In contrast, MSA-P did not demonstrate any GM loss and the WM involvement was mainly supratentorial. There was no significant correlation between structural changes and clinical severity score.ConclusionIn early MSA, WM microstructure was more affected than GM. These changes were greater in MSA-C than in MSA-P, suggesting variable deterioration in the subtypes of MSA.Key Points• Structural changes in early multiple system atrophy were evaluated using multi-modal neuroimaging.• White matter was more affected than grey matter in early MSA.• Clinical variables did not correlate with early structural changes.

Effective clearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) requires targeting drug-tolerant populations within host macrophages. Here, we show that macrophage metabolic states govern redox heterogeneity and drug response in intracellular Mtb . Using a redox-sensitive fluorescent reporter (Mrx1-roGFP2), flow cytometry, and transcriptomics, we found that macrophages with high oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and low glycolysis harbor reductive, drug-tolerant Mtb , whereas glycolytically active macrophages generate mitochondrial ROS via reverse electron transport, imposing oxidative stress on Mtb and enhancing drug efficacy. Computational and genetic analyses identified NRF2 as a key regulator linking host metabolism to bacterial redox state and drug tolerance. Pharmacological reprogramming of macrophages with the FDA-approved drug meclizine (MEC) shifted metabolism towards glycolysis, suppressed redox heterogeneity, and reduced Mtb drug tolerance in macrophages and mice. MEC exhibited no adverse interactions with frontline anti-TB drugs. These findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of host metabolic reprogramming to overcome Mtb drug tolerance. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, both the bacterium and the macrophages exhibit phenotypic diversity. Here, the authors show that macrophage metabolic states control redox heterogeneity and drug response in intracellular M. tuberculosis .

Abstract Disability certification is mandatory for people with Parkinson's disease to avail any schemes and benefits in India. The process of certification of the extent of disability in a complex disorder like Parkinson's needs to be made less cumbersome and streamlined to ensure that people for whom the benefits are meant are able to avail them.

Fish meat is well known for having exceptional nutritional profile, full of omega-3 fatty acids and essential amino acids which contribute to human health and disease prevention. Yet, increasing global demand for seafood has intensified concerns over quality assurance, authenticity and food safety particularly amid growing cases of fraud, mislabelling and contamination. Conventional assessment methods such as physicochemical, microbiological and sensory analyses often lack the resolution and sensitivity required to ensure consumer protection and reliable health outcomes. Metabolomics powered by advanced analytical tools including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) provides a comprehensive strategy by profiling diverse metabolites that serve as indicators of freshness, nutritional value, species origin and environmental exposure. The discovery of robust biomarkers combined with pathway analysis and machine learning integration enhances authentication and enables detection of adulterants, toxins and harmful residues. By bridging fish meat quality assessment with food safety monitoring, metabolomics not only ensures product integrity and traceability but also safeguards consumer health reinforcing its role as a pivotal tool in modern seafood science and public health protection. Graphical Abstract

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of antral follicle count (AFC) on follicular and luteal development during the estrous cycle and superovulatory period, as well as on superovulatory response and in vivo embryo quality within the MOET program. A total of 48 estrus-induced (500 μg PGF2α, Single dose, IM) Sahiwal cows ( Bos indicus ) with a BCS between 3.5 and 4.0 were selected for the study. On the day of wave emergence, the animals were divided into two groups based on the AFC, i.e., low AFC (≤18) and high AFC (>18). Both the groups were monitored daily using B-mode ultrasonography (USG) for one cycle, and the superovulation protocol was initiated on the 9th day of the subsequent estrous cycle. A total of 240 μg of FSH in eight divided doses were given in a tapering sequence for 4 days and simultaneous administration of 500 μg PGF2α, along with the fifth dose of FSH. Donors were inseminated at superovulatory estrus using double straws of high-quality frozen semen thrice at 12-h intervals, and non-surgical flushing was performed on day 7 of the superovulatory estrus followed by embryo searching and evaluation under a stereo zoom microscope. Ovulatory waves of the high-AFC Sahiwal cows have significantly ( p ≤ 0.05) larger sizes of preovulatory follicles (POF) (12.06 ± 0.19 mm vs 11.56 ± 0.16 mm) and corpus luteum (CL) (19.57 ± 0.28 mm vs 18.26 ± 0.35 mm), as compared to low AFC. The ovarian size was significantly ( p < 0.0001) larger in cows with high AFC during the superovulatory protocol. The number of large, medium, and small follicles was significantly ( p < 0.0001) high on the day of superovulatory estrus (SOE), PGF2α administration, and initiation of superovulatory protocol, respectively, in high AFC. Donors with high AFC had a notably greater ( p < 0.0001) count of CL and embryos retrieved per flushing, including excellent and fair-quality embryos. A strong association ( p < 0.0001) between high AFC and ovarian size ( r = 0.9136), superovulatory response ( r = 0.9350), and embryo quality (x 2 = 8.788; p = 0.032) and number ( r = 0.9858) were also recorded. Based on these results, AFC is considered a dependable indicator for forecasting reproductive capacity. Bos indicus donors with an average AFC of 30 or higher are recommended.