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Non-enzymatic electrochemical malathion sensing has been demonstrated over chitosan-grafted polyaniline (CHIT-g-PANI)-based electrode. Structural, morphological, and physical properties of electrode were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal analysis (TGA), and other relevant ASTM methods. The obtained result suggests the formation of porous hybrid matrix with better free complexing group, electrical conductivity, and thermal stability due to rearrangement of molecular structure and crystallinity. Further, CHIT-g-PANI-based electrode was used for potentiometric sensing of malathion (MLT) in tomato juice by monitoring induced potential due to surface interaction between MLT and CHIT-g-PANI-based electrode. The observed sensing parameters are sensing range 62.5 to 2.0 µM, sensitivity 2.26 mV µM−1 cm−2, limit of detection 3.8 µM, response time 8.0 min, and recovery time 30 s. On the basis observed results a charge transferring, weak surface complexation-based sensing mechanism was proposed in fruits and vegetables in competitive and cost-effective manner.

Synergistic conversion of atmospheric humidity-induced surface hydration energy into electricity is demonstrated over an in situ-prepared copper oxide nanorod-encapsulated polyaniline metal–organic framework film coated on an indium titanium oxide-coated glass plate (CuO-NRs/PANI/ITO) as an alternative source of green energy as a hydrovoltaic cell. The structure, morphology, and physico-mechanical properties of the composite film are reported to establish their role in the generation of electric current and potential. The proposed hydrovoltaic cell exhibits effective open-circuit voltage of 841 mV along with a current flow of 64 mA and maximum power generation capacity of 53.82 mW for 21 days. Further, the conversion mechanism of electricity is described on the basis of the surface interaction between water molecules and the composite surface. The effect of humidity-induced hydration energy on the conversion efficiency is described in terms of improved ionic mobility and ionizability under the influence of controlled relative humidity of a closed chamber to use as an eco-friendly alternative source of green energy for different sustainable applications.

The healthcare sector is always focused on the development of innovative functional nanomaterials, approaches, and devices for the detection of metabolites to cure and control the critical diseases. In this context, the present paper reports the synthesis of an axially oriented, biocompatible ternary hybrid composite of zinc oxide, polyaniline, and chitosan by in situ polymerization and composite formation technique. The prepared materials were characterized by Fourier transform-infrared spectrometer, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and two-probe method. The analytical result designates the formation of ZnO-encapsulated polyaniline grafted chitosan (ZnO-en/PANI-g-CHIT) composite with improved electrical conductivity, chemically stability and self-activating in nature. Furthermore, a film of ZnO-en/PANI-g-CHIT hybrid matrix was casted onto an indium tin oxide coated glass slide by spin coating technique for potentiometric sensing of urea after immobilization of ureasee. Thus, obtained film was found suitable as an electrode with a sensitivity of 187.5 µV ppm −1  cm −2 , response time of 3 min, recovery time of 30 s and limit of detection 29.84 ppm for self-activating potentiometric urea sensing in the range of 20 ppm to 500 ppm of natural as well as artificial samples. Fabricated bio-electrode was stable for eight weak with consistent sensitivity as well as highly specific for urea sensing in the presence of respective interferents in comparison to several reported urea sensors. Furthermore, it is proposed that the developed urea sensor could be a promising sensing strategy for advanced clinical applications because of comparable performance to commercial method.

The present research demonstrates the design and development of a dual-compartment water purification proto-plant for microbial degradation of organic waste using microbial fuel cell technology and adsorptive removal of inorganic pollutants present in sewage water using highly crystalline chitosan grafted polyaniline (CHIT-g-PANI) and rice husk derived adsorbent. The materials were characterized by UV–Vis, infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and relevant standard methods. The observed results revealed the highly crystalline, biocompatible, porous nature of CHIT-g-PANI as electrode materials for effective microbial degradation of organic wastes of sewage water for generating electricity and water purification. Thus, observed parameters were power density of 6.496 w/m2, sustainable usability for 20 days, and removal of organic waste by 97% from sewage water. Furthermore, the above partially treated water was passed through an adsorption chamber filled with rice husk-derived adsorbents, which removes the 84.5% inorganic impurities of its original concentrations.Graphic Abstract

Rising environmental concerns and depleting petrochemical resources have resulted in significant interest in bio‐renewable polymer‐based, environmentally friendly green composites. The impressive properties of biopolymers are their abundant availability, light weight, antimicrobial and biodegradable nature for use in the development of novel polymer composite materials. In this context, this chapter presents the advances of green polymer nanocomposites. The structural features and properties are discussed in brief along with applications, and particularly biomedical, environmental and agricultural practices.