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This paper is a self-independent continuation of my article on Comparative geometry between the plane and the sphere that was presented at the previous edition of ICon-MaSTEd Conference 2020. Below I discuss the possibility of adding a third geometry to the plane and the sphere, namely, the hyperbolic geometry on the hemisphere. I describe my own path to the subject, then the content of the syllabus which contains basic concepts of hyperbolic geometry for future preschool, elementary school, and secondary school teachers. Finally, I give reasons to introduce the subject into primary and secondary schools, not just for the “talented” but also for the “average” students.

I have been working on an educational project called Comparative Geometry for decades. The project is based on teaching and learning plane geometry and spherical geometry simultaneously, mainly through direct experimentation with hands-on tools, and intensive use of discussion between classmates. This work has gravely been affected by the changes that occurred two months ago because of the pandemic, still causing emergencies in many areas of education. In this article, I describe how I tried to adapt the work of a university course to an emergency; the methods by which I enabled direct experimentation and personal communication that were not possible in the given situation; my efforts to reduce the drawbacks of the situation and take advantage of the potential benefits.

HLA-B27 is a Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I molecule which exhibits a strong association with the inflammatory arthritic disorder Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS). It has been postulated that the tendency for HLAB27 to misfold and form disulphide linked heavy chain homodimers may contribute to AS pathogenesis. However, it remains elusive how these aberrant forms occur and to which extent they participate in AS development. I have analysed the contribution of conserved cysteine residues at positions (p) 101, 164, 203 and 259 and unpaired cysteines at p67, 308 and 325, in the formation of ER resident heavy chain homodimers. I demonstrated that HLA-B27 dimerisation involves a hierarchy of disulphide bonding. Moreover, my study indicates that heavy chain-dimers are composed of multiple species, with each possibly exhibiting varying degrees of folding/unfolding. I found that HLA-B*27:05 adopts novel in vivo conformations within the ER lumen, which have yet be to identified for other HLA alleles. Detection of these conformations depends on cysteine residue exposure to the ER environment what can explain the propensity for heavy chains to misfold. Finally, I investigated the role of the MHC class I antigen presentation pathway in HLA-B27 dimerisation. I found that HLA-B27 retains its tendency to dimerise despite the presence of β2m and high affinity peptide and both β2m-free (unfolded) and β2m+peptide-associated (folded) homodimers can associate with the Peptide Loading Complex. Moreover, the tendency for HLA-B27 to dimerise is influenced by p116 within the peptide binding groove, which is a natural polymorphism within AS-associated and non-AS–associated HLA–B27 subtypes. These studies may have implications for inflammatory disease since they begin to provide a biochemical understanding for the ability of HLA-B27 to misfold.

This paper deals with the role of the renovated modular mechatronics laboratory at the Robert Bosch Department of Mechatronics in the field of education. As a result of the cooperation with Bosch companies in Miskolc, the equipment of this laboratory has been renewed in 2025. Modern PLC based stations, and one high-end station have been installed, the possibilities of their use in education will be detailed in this article.

Mária Mádi (1898-1970) was a Roman Catholic Hungarian physician living in Budapest during World War II. Stuck in the city, she vowed to become a witness to events as they unfolded and began keeping a diary to chronicle her everyday life, as well as the lives of her Jewish neighbors, during what would be the darkest periods of the Holocaust. From the time Hungary declared war on the United States in December 1941 until she secured an immigrant's visa to the US in late 1946, she wrote nearly daily in English, offering current-day readers one of the most complete pictures of ordinary life during the Holocaust in Hungary. In the form of letters to her American relatives, Mádi addressed a wide range of subjects, from the fate of small countries like Hungary caught between the major powers of Germany and the Soviet Union, to the Nazi pogrom against Budapest's Jews, to family news and the price of food. Mádi's family donated the entire collection of her diaries to the US Holocaust Memorial Museum. This edition transcribes a selection of Mádi's writings focusing on the period of March 1944 to November 1945, from the Nazi invasion and occupation of Hungary, through the Battle of Budapest, to the ensuing Soviet occupation. While bearing witness to the catastrophe in Hungary, Mádi hid a Jewish family in her small flat from October 1944 to February 1945. She received a posthumous Righteous among Nations Medal from Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center. Editorial commentary by James W. Oberly situates Mádi's observations, and a critical introduction by the Holocaust scholar András Lénárt outlines the wider sociopolitical context in which her diaries gain meaning.

General Francisco Franco established his dictatorship in Spain in 1939 after winning the Civil War fought against the democratic Republican government. The same year, the Second World War broke out. The Caudillo wanted his country to remain neutral, but Spain soon moved forward to the status of non-belligerence: Franco backed Mussolini and Hitler on the level of propaganda, and he also sent voluntary troops to help the Germans, although he also maintained relations with the Allies. Later, the country returned to the status of neutrality. The aim of my article is to highlight the main features of the Spanish attitude and the government's diplomatic maneuvers between the Axis powers and the Allies, paying special attention to Franco's possibilities and doubts.

Microglia are the main immune cells of the brain and contribute to common brain diseases. However, it is unclear how microglia influence neuronal activity and survival in the injured brain in vivo . Here we develop a precisely controlled model of brain injury induced by cerebral ischaemia combined with fast in vivo two-photon calcium imaging and selective microglial manipulation. We show that selective elimination of microglia leads to a striking, 60% increase in infarct size, which is reversed by microglial repopulation. Microglia-mediated protection includes reduction of excitotoxic injury, since an absence of microglia leads to dysregulated neuronal calcium responses, calcium overload and increased neuronal death. Furthermore, the incidence of spreading depolarization (SD) is markedly reduced in the absence of microglia. Thus, microglia are involved in changes in neuronal network activity and SD after brain injury in vivo that could have important implications for common brain diseases. How microglia contribute to brain injury or repair is unclear. Here combining microglia manipulations and calcium imaging, the authors show that selective elimination of microglia leads to disrupted neuronal calcium dynamics and markedly increased brain injury after cerebral ischemia.

Microglia are the main immune cells in the brain and have roles in brain homeostasis and neurological diseases. Mechanisms underlying microglia–neuron communication remain elusive. Here, we identified an interaction site between neuronal cell bodies and microglial processes in mouse and human brain. Somatic microglia–neuron junctions have a specialized nanoarchitecture optimized for purinergic signaling. Activity of neuronal mitochondria was linked with microglial junction formation, which was induced rapidly in response to neuronal activation and blocked by inhibition of P2Y12 receptors. Brain injury–induced changes at somatic junctions triggered P2Y12 receptor–dependent microglial neuroprotection, regulating neuronal calcium load and functional connectivity. Thus, microglial processes at these junctions could potentially monitor and protect neuronal functions.

The paper presents a further development of a geological measuring system, which is capable to determine the shear strength of different soil types. The machine to be renovated has a manually adjustable preload system and a 3-phase asynchronous motor with a transmission block to produce the lateral displacement. The development includes the application of new sensors and a data acquisition module and a custom-developed LabVIEW program.