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Aiming at the goal of preparing high-quality coatings, this paper reviews the progress on circular arc source structure and magnetic field arc controlling technology in arc ion plating (AIP), with a focus on design characteristics of the different structures and configuration optimization of the corresponding magnetic fields. The circular arc source, due to its simple structure, convenient installation, flexible target combination, high cooling efficiency, and high ionization rate and deposition rate, has shown significant application potential in AIP technology. In terms of magnetic field arc controlling technology, this paper delves into the design progress of various magnetic field configurations, including fixed magnetic fields generated by permanent magnets, dynamic rotating magnetic fields, axially symmetric magnetic fields, rotating transverse magnetic fields, and multi-mode alternating electromagnetic coupling fields. By designing the magnetic field distribution reasonably, the trajectory and velocity of the arc spot can be controlled precisely, thus reducing the generation of macroparticles, improving target utilization, and enhancing coating uniformity. In particular, the introduction of multi-mode magnetic field coupling technology has broken through the limitations of traditional single magnetic field structures, achieving comprehensive optimization of arc spot motion and plasma transport. Hopefully, these research advances provide an important theoretical basis and technical support for the application of AIP technology in the preparation for high-quality decorative and functional coatings.

The proper control of cathode spot motion is the key issue in the application of vacuum arc deposition (VAD). Improving the arc spot discharge requires considering the structure and properties of the deposited films/coatings as well as the deposition velocity, target utilization, etc. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to precisely observe cathode spots during discharge at both microscopic and macroscopic scales. However, how to capture the motion and splitting behavior of cathode spots using simple equipment remains an open question. In this work, we analyze the motion and the splitting behavior of cathode spots considering industry application on a Cr target for VAD under arc currents in the direct mode (70 A, 100 A, 150 A 200 A) and 400 A as a peak value in the pulse mode with two applied magnetic fields (20 Gs and 40 Gs) at the macroscopic scale using a high-speed digital camera, employing different exposure times under an extracted interval of 1 ms ranging from 0.01 ms to 20 ms. Furthermore, the images are also compared when the interval is extended to 2 ms and 4 ms. Considering all factors in the available data, 0.05 ms is suggested as the best exposure time, and 1 ms is suggested as the most suitable extracted interval for cathode spot observation under these conditions. Hopefully, this paper provides a suitable technique for observing the motion and splitting behavior of cathode spots at a macroscopic scale with the purpose of suppressing/eliminating the injection of macroparticles at the source for industrial VAD coating products of high quality.

We studied the effect of CrC interlayers with different carbon contents on the adhesion of CrC/a-C:H coatings prepared by anode assisted reactive magnetron sputtering combined with DC-pulsed plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The adhesion of the coating was measured by indentation and scratching. The coatings were characterized by Raman, XPS, SEM and Nanoindentation. The adhesion of the CrC/a-C:H coating is best when the carbon content in the interlayer of CrC is 44.5%, the scratch adhesion is 74 N, and the indentation adhesion is HF1. In this case, the elastic modulus of the interlayer CrC (284 GPa) is closest to that of the a-C:H layer (274 GPa). In conclusion, when there is no graphitization in the CrC interlayer, and the elastic modulus of the CrC interlayer is close to that of the a-C:H layer, the CrC/a-C:H coatings show the best adhesion.

Traditional binary coatings like TiN and CrN display limited thermal stability and wear resistance under extreme conditions. High-entropy alloy nitride (HEAN) coatings offer a promising solution due to their customizable composition and unique properties, including high hardness, corrosion resistance, and thermal stability. This study focused on (AlCrNbTaTi)N HEAN coatings to address a critical need for materials capable of enduring extreme mechanical and tribological demands by examining the impact of aluminum content on their structural and mechanical properties, providing insights for optimizing coatings in harsh conditions through a self-assembled nanolayer structure with enhanced resilience and performance. The coatings were deposited via a cathodic arc by employing an AlCrNbTaTi alloy target composed of aluminum (20, 50, 60, 70%) and equal molar ratios of Cr, Nb, Ta, and Ti. The coatings were characterized through grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, SEM, HR-TEM, a nano-indentation test, and a friction and wear test. The results indicated that with increasing Al content, the structure of (AlCrNbTaTi)N coatings shifted from FCC to an amorphous state, leading to a reduction in the hardness and elastic modulus, accompanied by an increase in the wear rate and friction coefficient. The (AlCrNbTaTi)N coating, with an equal atomic ratio of metallic elements, showed potential as a hard tool coating. It demonstrated outstanding mechanical and tribological properties, with a 34.5 GPa hardness, 369 GPa modulus, 0.35 friction coefficient, and 8.2 × 10−19 m2·N−1 wear rate. The findings highlight the potential of (AlCrNbTaTi)N coatings to extend tool life and improve operational efficiency, helping advance materials engineering for industrial applications.

In order to further study the forming process and evolution mechanism of new copper / graphite composite coating based on laser microcladding technology, three groups of alloy powder materials with different proportions were set up, and the 1500W fiber laser was used to prepare micro-cladding coatings on 45# steel substrates. According to the known macroscopic morphology, four groups of cladding samples with uniform, smooth and dense surface were selected for analysis, the microstructure characteristics, element distribution and growth morphology, and the causes of microstructure defects were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by means of the metallographic test, SEM and EDS.On this basis, the relationship between the interfacial reaction mode affected the forming microstructure of micro-cladding coating and the flow behavior of molten pool was obtained, which can be used as a reference for the optimization and regulation of the process.

We investigate the nanostructures and phase diagrams of ABC linear triblock copolymers confined in spherical cavities by using real-space self-consistent field theory. Various 3D morphologies, such as spherical concentric lamellae, dumbbell-like cylinder, and rotational structures, are identified in the phase diagrams, which are constructed on the basis of the diameters of spherical cavities and the interaction between the polymers and preferential surfaces. We designate specific monomer-monomer interactions and block compositions, with which the polymers spontaneously form a cylindrical morphology in bulk, and firstly study morphology transformation with a neutral surface when a confining radius progressively increases. We then focus on phase morphologies under the preferential surfaces and consolidate them into phase diagrams. The spherical radius and the degree of preferential interactions can obviously induce the formation of a cylindrical morphology. Theoretical results correspond to an amount of recent experimental observations to a high degree and contribute to synthesising functional materials.

Against some problems which exist in the current embedded graphical user interface development such as low efficiency in the operating, poor portability and so on. This paper brings up an embedded GUI development method based on Qt/Embedded. Firstly, the construction technology of X11 virtual compiler platform and the implementation technology of cross-compile environment are described in details which are necessary in GUI development. Secondly, the Qt library file is cut, and the picture is displayed with Chinese-characters in accordance with the specific embedded goal. In the end, prove the valid of the development method based on Qt/Embedded through applications.