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"Lee, Daryl"
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Raising awareness about measurement error in research on unconscious mental processes
Experimental psychologists often neglect the poor psychometric properties of the dependent measures collected in their studies. In particular, a low reliability of measures can have dramatic consequences for the interpretation of key findings in some of the most popular experimental paradigms, especially when strong inferences are drawn from the absence of statistically significant correlations. In research on unconscious cognition, for instance, it is commonly argued that the lack of a correlation between task performance and measures of awareness or explicit recollection of the target stimuli provides strong support for the conclusion that the cognitive processes underlying performance must be unconscious. Using contextual cuing of visual search as a case study, we show that given the low reliability of the dependent measures collected in these studies, it is usually impossible to draw any firm conclusion about the unconscious character of this effect from correlational analyses. Furthermore, both a psychometric meta-analysis of the available evidence and a cognitive-modeling approach suggest that, in fact, we should expect to see very low correlations between performance and awareness at the empirical level, even if both constructs are perfectly related at the latent level. Convincing evidence for the unconscious character of contextual cuing and other effects will most likely demand richer and larger data sets, coupled with more powerful analytic approaches.
Journal Article
Kelley’s Paradox and strength skewness in research on unconscious mental processes
A widely adopted approach in research on unconscious perception and cognition involves contrasting behavioral or neural responses to stimuli that have been presented to participants (e.g., old items in a memory test) against those that have not (e.g., new items), and which participants do not discriminate in their conscious reports. We demonstrate that such contrasts do not license inferences about unconscious processing, for two reasons. One is Kelley’s Paradox, a statistical phenomenon caused by regression to the mean. In the inevitable presence of measurement error, true awareness of the contrasted stimuli is not equal. The second is a consequence, within the framework of Signal Detection Theory, of unequal skewness in the strengths of target and nontarget items. The fallacious reasoning that underlies the employment of this contrast methodology is illustrated through both computational simulations and formal analysis, and its prevalence is documented in a narrative literature review. Additionally, a recognition memory experiment is reported which tests and confirms a prediction of our analysis of the contrast methodology and corroborates the susceptibility of this method to artifacts attributable to Kelley’s Paradox and strength skewness. This work challenges the validity of conclusions drawn from this popular analytic approach.
Journal Article
Marianne Meets the Mormons
In the nineteenth century, a fascination with the Church of Jesus
Christ of Latter-day Saints made Mormons and Mormonism a common
trope in French journalism, art, literature, politics, and popular
culture. Heather Belnap, Corry Cropper, and Daryl Lee bring to
light French representations of Mormonism from the 1830s to 1914,
arguing that these portrayals often critiqued and parodied French
society. Mormonism became a pretext for reconsidering issues such
as gender, colonialism, the family, and church-state relations
while providing artists and authors with a means for working
through the possibilities of their own evolving national identity.
Surprising and innovative, Marianne Meets the Mormons
looks at how nineteenth-century French observers engaged with the
idea of Mormonism in order to reframe their own cultural
preoccupations.
eBook
Medico-legal dispute resolution: Experience of a tertiary-care hospital in Singapore
The resource burden of healthcare disputes and medico-legal claims has been rising. A dispute resolution system operating at the hospital level could ameliorate this disturbing trend. This is a retrospective observational study on patient complaints and medico-legal cases received by the dispute resolution unit of an acute tertiary hospital from 2011 to 2015. We described the characteristics and analysed the resolution methodology and outcomes of all closed medico-legal cases. Patient complaints significantly increased at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.2% (p<0.01), while medico-legal cases and ex-gratia payments for case settlements decreased at CAGRs of 4.8% (p<0.05) and 15.9% (p = 0.19), respectively. Out of 237 closed medico-legal cases, 88.6% were resolved without legal action, of which 78.1% were closed without any ex-gratia payments or waivers. Of the 11.4% of medico-legal cases that involved legal action, 66.7% were settled without ex-gratia payments or waivers. The primary resolution modes were the Patient Relations Service (PRS)'s engagement of the complainants and facilitation of written replies. No cases were brought to court. Cases were more likely resolved without legal action when there was engagement by the PRS (p = 0.009). These cases incurred a lower median settlement value than those with legal action. Our hospital-based dispute resolution system which addressed patients' core dissatisfactions and providers' perspectives, through a process of early engagement, open disclosure, and fair negotiations, was able to promote claims resolution before legal action was taken. This early dispute resolution strategy contained costs and maintained provider-patient relationships and complements system-level mediation and arbitration to reduce medico-legal litigation.
Journal Article
A Compact Dual-Polarized Vivaldi Antenna with High Gain for Tree Radar Applications
A dual-polarized compact Vivaldi antenna with high gain performance is proposed for tree radar applications. The proposed design introduces an array configuration consisting of two pairs of two Vivaldi elements to optimize the operating bandwidth and gain while providing dual-polarization capability. To enhance the gain of the proposed antenna over a certain frequency range of interest, directors and edge slots are incorporated into each Vivaldi element. To further enhance the overall antenna gain, a metal back reflector is used. The measurement results of the fabricated antenna show that the proposed antenna achieves a high gain of 5.5 to 14.8 dBi over broadband from 0.5 GHz to 3 GHz. Moreover, it achieves cross-polarization discrimination larger than 20 dB, ensuring high polarization purity. The fabricated antenna is used to detect and image the defects inside tree trunks. The results show that the proposed antenna yields a better-migrated image with a clear defect region compared to that obtained by a commercial Horn antenna.
Journal Article
Volatile-Based Diagnosis for Pathogenic Wood-Rot Fungus Fulvifomes siamensis by Electronic Nose (E-Nose) and Solid-Phase Microextraction/Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Wood rot fungus Fulvifomes siamensis infects multiple urban tree species commonly planted in Singapore. A commercial e-nose (Cyranose 320) was used to differentiate some plant and fungi volatiles. The e-nose distinctly clustered the volatiles at 0.25 ppm, and this sensitivity was further increased to 0.05 ppm with the use of nitrogen gas to purge the system and set up the baseline. Nitrogen gas baseline resulted in a higher magnitude of sensor responses and a higher number of responsive sensors. The specificity of the e-nose for F. siamensis was demonstrated by distinctive clustering of its pure culture, fruiting bodies collected from different tree species, and in diseased tissues infected by F. siamensis with a 15-min incubation time. This good specificity was supported by the unique volatile profiles revealed by SPME GC-MS analysis, which also identified the signature volatile for F. siamensis—1,2,4,5-tetrachloro-3,6-dimethoxybenzene. In field conditions, the e-nose successfully identified F. siamensis fruiting bodies on different tree species. The findings of concentration-based clustering and host-tree-specific volatile profiles for fruiting bodies provide further insights into the complexity of volatile-based diagnosis that should be taken into consideration for future studies.
Journal Article
Validating AI-assisted evaluation of open science practices in brain sciences: ChatGPT, Claude and human expert comparisons
This study investigates the efficacy of AI-assisted evaluation of open science practices in brain sciences, comparing ChatGPT 4 and Claude 3.5 Sonnet against human expert assessment. We analysed 100 randomly selected journal articles across various brain science disciplines using a six-item transparency checklist. Three human experts and two AI chatbots independently evaluated the articles. Intraclass correlation analyses revealed moderate-to-good agreement between human consensus scores and AI evaluations, with pairwise correlations providing convergent evidence of substantial correspondence. Both chatbots demonstrated high concordance with humans in assessing code sharing, materials availability, preregistration and sample size rationales. However, they struggled with accurately identifying the presence of data availability statements and assessing public accessibility of shared data. Importantly, AI assessments were restricted to information stated within the article; external links or repository contents were not cross-checked owing to limited web search capability of AI chatbots. These findings suggest that AI chatbots can effectively support the evaluation of some open science practices and potentially expedite the assessment process in academic research. However, their limitations in certain areas highlight the continued importance of human oversight in ensuring comprehensive and accurate evaluations of scientific transparency.
Journal Article
Locally Isolated Trichoderma harzianum Species Have Broad Spectrum Biocontrol Activities against the Wood Rot Fungal Species through Both Volatile Inhibition and Mycoparasitism
Pathogenic root/wood rot fungal species infect multiple urban tree species in Singapore. There is a need for sustainable and environmentally friendly mitigation. We report the local Trichoderma strains as potential biocontrol agents (BCAs) for pathogenic wood rot fungal species such as Phellinus noxius, Rigidoporus microporus, and Fulvifomes siamensis. Isolated Trichoderma strains were DNA-barcoded for their molecular identities and assessed for their potential as a BCA by their rate of growth in culture and effectiveness in inhibiting the pathogenic fungi in in vitro dual culture assays. Trichoderma harzianum strain CE92 was the most effective in inhibiting the growth of the pathogenic fungi tested. Preliminary results suggested both volatile organic compound (VOC) production and direct hyphal contact contributed to inhibition. SPME GC-MS identified known fungal inhibitory volatiles. Trichoderma harzianum strain CE92 hyphae were found to coil around Phellinus noxius and Lasiodiplodia theobromae upon contact in vitro and were possibly a part of the mycoparasitism. In summary, the work provides insight into Trichoderma inhibition of pathogenic fungi and identifies local strains with good potential for broad-spectrum BCAs against root/wood rot fungi in Singapore.
Journal Article
A Metagenomic Survey of Wood Decay Fungi in the Urban Trees of Singapore
Mature tropical urban trees are susceptible to root and trunk rot caused by pathogenic fungi. A metagenomic survey of such fungi was carried out on 210 soil and tissue samples collected from 134 trees of 14 common species in Singapore. Furthermore, 121 fruiting bodies were collected and barcoded. Out of the 22,067 OTUs (operational taxonomic units) identified, 10,646 OTUs had annotation information, and most were either ascomycetes (63.4%) or basidiomycetes (22.5%). Based on their detection in the diseased tissues and surrounding soils and/or the presence of fruiting bodies, fourteen basidiomycetes (nine Polyporales, four Hymenochaetales, one Boletales) and three ascomycetes (three species of Scytalidium) were strongly associated with the diseased trees. Fulvifomes siamensis affected the largest number of tree species surveyed. The association of three fungi was further supported by in vitro wood decay studies. Genetic heterogeneity was common in the diseased tissues and fruiting bodies (Ganoderma species especially). This survey identified the common pathogenic fungi of tropical urban trees and laid the foundation for early diagnosis and targeted mitigation efforts. It also illustrated the complexity of fungal ecology and pathogenicity.
Journal Article