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Higher-order topological insulators are recently discovered quantum materials exhibiting distinct topological phases with the generalized bulk-boundary correspondence. T d -WTe 2 is a promising candidate to reveal topological hinge excitation in an atomically thin regime. However, with initial theories and experiments focusing on localized one-dimensional conductance only, no experimental reports exist on how the spin orientations are distributed over the helical hinges—this is critical, yet one missing puzzle. Here, we employ the magneto-optic Kerr effect to visualize the spinful characteristics of the hinge states in a few-layer T d -WTe 2 . By examining the spin polarization of electrons injected from WTe 2 to graphene under external electric and magnetic fields, we conclude that WTe 2 hosts a spinful and helical topological hinge state protected by the time-reversal symmetry. Our experiment provides a fertile diagnosis to investigate the topologically protected gapless hinge states, and may call for new theoretical studies to extend the previous spinless model. The standard topological insulator is characterized by an insulating bulk and a conducting boundary, so a three dimensional insulating bulk of a topological insulator has a conducting surface. Recently, this idea was extended to the edges of the surfaces of the three dimensional material as a new topological phase, referred to as a higher-order topological insulator. Here, the authors find evidence of such higher order topological insulator states in tungsten ditelluride using heterostructures composed of tungsten ditelluride and graphene.

Network pruning reduces the number of parameters and computational costs of convolutional neural networks while maintaining high performance. Although existing pruning methods have achieved excellent results, they do not consider reconstruction after pruning in order to apply the network to actual devices. This study proposes a reconstruction process for channel-based network pruning. For lossless reconstruction, we focus on three components of the network: the residual block, skip connection, and convolution layer. Union operation and index alignment are applied to the residual block and skip connection, respectively. Furthermore, we reconstruct a compressed convolution layer by considering batch normalization. We apply our method to existing channel-based pruning methods for downstream tasks such as image classification, object detection, and semantic segmentation. Experimental results show that compressing a large model has a 1.93% higher accuracy in image classification, 2.2 higher mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) in semantic segmentation, and 0.054 higher mean Average Precision (mAP) in object detection than well-designed small models. Moreover, we demonstrate that our method can reduce the actual latency by 8.15× and 5.29× on Raspberry Pi and Jetson Nano, respectively.

Background: Amateur runners may benefit from combining respiratory muscle training (RMT) with resistance or aerobic modalities, but direct comparisons are scarce. This study compared different RMT-based combinations on pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, and whole-body exercise capacity. Methods: In this randomized four-arm trial, 48 amateur runners were allocated equally to stand-alone RMT, RMT plus upper-limb resistance (RMT + ULRT), RMT plus lower-limb resistance (RMT + LLRT), or RMT plus aerobic exercise (RMT + AET). All groups completed supervised sessions three times per week for six weeks. Pulmonary function (forced vital capacity [FVC], forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV1], FEV1/FVC), respiratory muscle strength (maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures, MIP and MEP), and cardiopulmonary exercise test indices (peak oxygen uptake [VO2peak], VE/VCO2 slope) were assessed before and after training using standardized spirometry, mouth-pressure measurements, and treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Pre–post changes within groups and the overall between-group differences were evaluated using standard parametric methods. Results: All four interventions were associated with improvements in at least one respiratory or cardiopulmonary domain. FVC and FEV1 tended to improve more in the resistance-combination groups, whereas the FEV1/FVC ratio increased with RMT alone and when combined with resistance. MIP increased in the RMT, RMT + ULRT, and RMT + LLRT groups, and MEP increased across all groups. VO2peak rose in every group, while the VE/VCO2 slope improved only when RMT was combined with upper- or lower-limb resistance or aerobic exercise. Between-group differences in change scores were not statistically significant and did not clearly favor any single regimen. Conclusions: In amateur runners, six weeks of RMT-based programs are feasible and associated with domain-specific improvements in lung function, respiratory muscle strength, and exercise capacity. Because between-group differences in change scores were not statistically significant and the sample size was modest, these findings should be considered exploratory and may inform hypothesis generation regarding the use of different RMT combinations in future, larger trials.

Monitoring the ecology and insecticide resistance of Anopheles mosquitoes, which transmit malaria, is important for developing effective malaria control strategies. This study characterized the present larval breeding habitats of Anopheles mosquitoes in South Korea; additionally, we investigated the frequency of insecticide resistance in Anopheles in the Ganghwagun, Gyeonggi-do province, near the demilitarized zone (DMZ), of South Korea. While larvae of An. sineroides and An. lindesayi were found near forests in Naega-myeon and Kukhwa-ri, respectively, An. sinensis larvae were predominantly found in irrigation canal near rice fields in Seonhaeng-ri, alongside An. belenrae . Seven genotypes of knockdown resistant ( kdr ) allele in the voltage-gated sodium channel of An. sinensis were introduced, revealing a new kdr genotype. Notably, almost all of An. sinensis captured in this study was shown mutant genotypes with homozygous or heterozygous resistant alleles of acetylcholinesterase ( ace -1). Moreover, the predominant presence of mosquitoes harboring mutations in more than one insecticidal target was observed in An. sinensis . In addition, An. belenrae was identified to possess kdr and ace -1 mutation. Taken together, our findings revealed the multiple insecticide resistance of An. sinensis, with larval habitat near the DMZ of South Korea, 2024.

Interest has grown in services that consume a significant amount of energy, such as large language models (LLMs), and research is being conducted worldwide on synaptic devices for neuromorphic hardware. However, various complex processes are problematic for the implementation of synaptic properties. Here, synaptic characteristics are implemented through a novel method, namely side chain control of conjugated polymers. The developed devices exhibit the characteristics of the biological brain, especially spike‐timing‐dependent plasticity (STDP), high‐pass filtering, and long‐term potentiation/depression (LTP/D). Moreover, the fabricated synaptic devices show enhanced nonvolatile characteristics, such as long retention time (≈102 s), high ratio of Gmax/Gmin, high linearity, and reliable cyclic endurance (≈103 pulses). This study presents a new pathway for next‐generation neuromorphic computing by modulating conjugated polymers with side chain control, thereby achieving high‐performance synaptic properties. In organic semiconductors‐based neuromorphic devices, it is difficult to endow long‐term plasticity in diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) polymers due to insufficient interaction with ions. In this article, a rational way is proposed to overcome the deficiency of nonvolatile properties by tailoring the length of the alkyl side‐chain of DPP polymers.

Highlights Janus MoSSe-based floating-gate memory exhibits ultrafast charge-trapping dynamics and stable charge retention exceeding 10 8  s under low-voltage operation. The intrinsic out-of-plane dipole moment in Janus MoSSe effectively suppresses leakage current and enlarges the memory window, even with ultrathin h-BN tunneling layers. The proposed all-van der Waals heterostructure provides a scalable platform for high-speed, energy-efficient, and reliable nonvolatile memory applications. The continued scaling of flash memory technologies faces challenges such as limited operation speed, poor data retention, and interface defects inherent to conventional three-dimensional architectures. Two-dimensional (2D) materials, with van der Waals interfaces and atomic-scale thickness, offer a promising pathway to overcome these limitations by enabling efficient charge modulation while minimizing surface defects. In this work, a nonvolatile 2D flash memory device is developed employing monolayer Janus MoSSe as the charge-trapping layer and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as an ultrathin tunneling barrier. The intrinsic structural asymmetry of Janus MoSSe induces a strong vertical dipole moment, resulting in enhanced charge trapping, deeper energy barriers, and directional polarization compared with symmetric 2D materials. Consequently, the devices exhibit outstanding retention times exceeding 10 4  s, endurance beyond 10 4 program/erase cycles, and large memory window ratios (Δ V / V G,max of 50%–70% for 10 and 6 nm h-BN, respectively), with charge-trapping rates up to 8.96 × 10 14  cm −2  s −1 . In addition, Janus MoSSe-based devices show synaptic characteristics under electrical pulses and perform recognition simulations in artificial neural networks. These findings establish a design paradigm for 2D memory devices, enabling ultrathin, flexible, and energy-efficient nonvolatile memories.

Controlling the growth behavior of organic semiconductors (OSCs) is essential because it determines their optoelectronic properties. In order to accomplish this, graphene templates with electronic‐state tunability are used to affect the growth of OSCs by controlling the van der Waals interaction between OSC ad‐molecules and graphene. However, in many graphene‐molecule systems, the charge transfer between an ad‐molecule and a graphene template causes another important interaction. This charge‐transfer‐induced interaction is never considered in the growth scheme of OSCs. Here, the effects of charge transfer on the formation of graphene–OSC heterostructures are investigated, using fullerene (C60) as a model compound. By in situ electrical doping of a graphene template to suppress the charge transfer between C60 ad‐molecules and graphene, the layer‐by‐layer growth of a C60 film on graphene can be achieved. Under this condition, the graphene–C60 interface is free of Fermi‐level pinning; thus, barristors fabricated on the graphene–C60 interface show a nearly ideal Schottky–Mott limit with efficient modulation of the charge‐injection barrier. Moreover, the optimized C60 film exhibits a high field‐effect electron mobility of 2.5 cm2 V−1 s−1. These results provide an efficient route to engineering highly efficient optoelectronic graphene–OSC hybrid material applications. The growth behavior of fullerene (C60) thin films on graphene templates where charge transfer occurs is presented. The number of electrons transferred from graphene to C60 is controlled by in situ electrical gating of graphene during C60 deposition. When this electron transfer is suppressed, high‐crystalline C60 thin films are achieved for highly efficient optoelectronic applications.

The Siberian Arctic Ocean links river runoff, sea ice, and Pacific–Atlantic exchanges, yet the drivers of its circulation variability remain poorly constrained. Using multi-decadal satellite altimetry, ocean reanalysis products, and in situ observations with cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function analysis, we show that shelf and slope currents are governed by distinct mechanisms across timescales. Seasonally, the Eastern Siberian Shelf Current is primarily regulated by salinity-driven sea-surface-height (SSH) gradients, with winds secondary, whereas the narrow Siberian Coastal Current is buoyancy-driven and strongly enhanced by summer winds. Interannually, the Siberian Slope Current captures a recent atmospheric transition from the Arctic Oscillation to the Arctic Dipole. We further identify a Siberia–Alaska sea-level-pressure dipole that modulates SSH gradients and regulates Pacific Water inflow through the Bering Strait, providing a physically based inflow index. Overall, SSH integrates buoyancy forcing, wind-driven circulation, and basin-scale atmospheric variability, identifying the Siberian Arctic Ocean as a key region for Arctic Ocean circulation and climate variability.

Due to their extraordinary electrical and physical properties, two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are considered promising for use in next-generation electrical devices. However, the application of TMD-based devices is limited because of the Schottky barrier interface resulting from the absence of dangling bonds on the TMDs’ surface. Here, we introduce a facile phase-tuning approach for forming a homogenous interface between semiconducting hexagonal (2H) and semi-metallic monoclinic (1T′) molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2). The formation of ohmic contacts increases the charge carrier mobility of MoTe2 field-effect transistor devices to 16.1 cm2 V−1s−1 with high reproducibility, while maintaining a high on/off current ratio by efficiently improving charge injection at the interface. The proposed method enables a simple fabrication process, local patterning, and large-area scaling for the creation of high-performance 2D electronic devices.

With the advent of human–machine interaction and the Internet of Things, wearable and flexible vibration sensors have been developed to detect human voices and surrounding vibrations transmitted to humans. However, previous wearable vibration sensors have limitations in the sensing performance, such as frequency response, linearity of sensitivity, and esthetics. In this study, a transparent and flexible vibration sensor was developed by incorporating organic/inorganic hybrid materials into ultrathin membranes. The sensor exhibited a linear and high sensitivity (20 mV/g) and a flat frequency response (80–3000 Hz), which are attributed to the wheel-shaped capacitive diaphragm structure fabricated by exploiting the high processability and low stiffness of the organic material SU-8 and the high conductivity of the inorganic material ITO. The sensor also has sufficient esthetics as a wearable device because of the high transparency of SU-8 and ITO. In addition, the temperature of the post-annealing process after ITO sputtering was optimized for the high transparency and conductivity. The fabricated sensor showed significant potential for use in transparent healthcare devices to monitor the vibrations transmitted from hand-held vibration tools and in a skin-attachable vocal sensor.