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Efficient and highly functional three-dimensional systems that are ubiquitous in biology suggest that similar design architectures could be useful in electronic and optoelectronic technologies, extending their levels of functionality beyond those achievable with traditional, planar two-dimensional platforms. Complex three-dimensional structures inspired by origami, kirigami have promise as routes for two-dimensional to three-dimensional transformation, but current examples lack the necessary combination of functional materials, mechanics designs, system-level architectures, and integration capabilities for practical devices with unique operational features. Here, we show that two-dimensional semiconductor/semi-metal materials can play critical roles in this context, through demonstrations of complex, mechanically assembled three-dimensional systems for light-imaging capabilities that can encompass measurements of the direction, intensity and angular divergence properties of incident light. Specifically, the mechanics of graphene and MoS 2 , together with strategically configured supporting polymer films, can yield arrays of photodetectors in distinct, engineered three-dimensional geometries, including octagonal prisms, octagonal prismoids, and hemispherical domes. The strain tolerance and promising optoelectronic properties of 2D materials can be leveraged to design functional optical sensing devices. Here, the authors provide a demonstration of arrays of independently addressable photodetectors constructed from graphene and MoS 2 engineered in 3D Kirigami geometries.

Recently, sequential layer‐by‐layer (LbL) organic solar cells (OSCs) have attracted significant attention owing to their favorable p–i–n vertical phase separation, efficient charge transport/extraction, and potential for lab‐to‐fab large‐scale production, achieving high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of over 18%. This review first summarizes recent studies on various approaches to obtain ideal vertical D/A phase separation in nonfullerene acceptor (NFAs)‐based LbL OSCs by proper solvent selection, processing additives, protecting solvent treatment, ternary blends, etc. Additionally, the longer exciton diffusion length of NFAs compared with fullerene derivatives, which provides a new scope for further improvement in the performance of LbL OSCs, is been discussed. Large‐area device/module production by LbL techniques and device stability issues, including thermal and mechanical stability, are also reviewed. Finally, the current challenges and prospects for further progress toward their eventual commercialization are discussed. Layer‐by‐layer (LbL) organic solar cells (OSCs) have attracted growing attention, showing photovoltaic performance comparable to their bulk heterojunction counterparts. Recent developments on nonfullerene acceptor‐based LbL OSCs are discussed by considering vertical p–i–n morphology control, exciton diffusion/separation, and large area device fabrication.

The photoinduced solid‒liquid phase transition is a fascinating phenomenon that can be utilized for a range of applications, including debondable adhesives, photolithography, and soft actuators; however, developing polymers with this function is not trivial. In this work, we report an azobenzene (Azo)-containing polymer capable of rapid room-temperature photoliquefaction upon UV irradiation and elucidate the design principles for photoliquefying polymers that harness the photothermal effect. We prepare a series of Azo polymers by coupling diacrylate Azo with dithiol-functionalized flexible spacers of different lengths, such as ethylene glycol (EG), hexa(ethylene glycol) (HEG), and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). EG-Azo, with the shortest spacer, has a high melting temperature (Tm) of 78 °C due to the strong interactions among the liquid-crystalline Azo molecules. Owing to the high Tm, EG-Azo does not exhibit a photoinduced solid‒liquid phase transition, although it has the greatest photothermal effect among the polymers (temperature rise to 50 °C). The incorporation of the longer spacers effectively decreases the Tm of the Azo polymers. For example, PEG-Azo possesses a reduced Tm of 40 °C, thereby enabling photoliquefaction at room temperature after only 1 min of UV irradiation. PEG-Azo can be reversibly returned to a solid-state within 5 min after the UV light is turned off.This work shows that the length of flexible spacers in azobenzene (Azo)-based polymers is crucial for achieving room-temperature photoliquefaction (i.e., UV light-induced solid‒liquid phase transition). By adjusting the length of dithiol-functionalized flexible spacers, the melting temperature (Tm) of Azo polymers can be effectively modulated. Incorporating longer spacers decreases the Tm to a temperature achievable by the photothermal effect of Azo molecules, thus enabling photoliquefaction of Azo polymers at room temperature.

Interest has grown in services that consume a significant amount of energy, such as large language models (LLMs), and research is being conducted worldwide on synaptic devices for neuromorphic hardware. However, various complex processes are problematic for the implementation of synaptic properties. Here, synaptic characteristics are implemented through a novel method, namely side chain control of conjugated polymers. The developed devices exhibit the characteristics of the biological brain, especially spike‐timing‐dependent plasticity (STDP), high‐pass filtering, and long‐term potentiation/depression (LTP/D). Moreover, the fabricated synaptic devices show enhanced nonvolatile characteristics, such as long retention time (≈102 s), high ratio of Gmax/Gmin, high linearity, and reliable cyclic endurance (≈103 pulses). This study presents a new pathway for next‐generation neuromorphic computing by modulating conjugated polymers with side chain control, thereby achieving high‐performance synaptic properties. In organic semiconductors‐based neuromorphic devices, it is difficult to endow long‐term plasticity in diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) polymers due to insufficient interaction with ions. In this article, a rational way is proposed to overcome the deficiency of nonvolatile properties by tailoring the length of the alkyl side‐chain of DPP polymers.

The cold sintering process (CSP) for synthesizing oxide-based electrolytes, which uses water transient solvents and uniaxial pressure, is a promising alternative to the conventional high temperature sintering process due to its low temperature (<200 °C) and short processing time (<2 h). However, the formation of amorphous secondary phases in the intergranular regions, which results in poor ionic conductivity (σ), remains a challenge. In this study, we introduced high-boiling solvents of dimethylformamide (DMF, b.p.: 153 °C) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, b.p.: 189 °C) as transient solvents to develop composite electrolytes of Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 (LAGP) with bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium salt (LiTFSI). Our results show that composite electrolytes processed with the DMF/water mixture (CSP LAGP-LiTFSI DMF/H2O) yield a high σ of 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature and high relative densities of >87%. Furthermore, the composite electrolytes exhibit good thermal stability; the σ maintains its initial value after heat treatment. In contrast, the composite electrolytes processed with the DMSO/water mixture and water alone show thermal degradation. The CSP LAGP-LiTFSI DMF/H2O composite electrolytes exhibit long-term stability, showing no signs of short circuiting after 350 h at 0.1 mAh cm−2 in Li symmetric cells. Our work highlights the importance of selecting appropriate transient solvents for producing efficient and stable composite electrolytes using CSP.

In this single-center prospective study of 20 patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis (HD), we compared the therapeutic effects of medium cut-off (MCO) and high flux (HF) dialyzers using metabolomics and proteomics. A consecutive dialyzer membrane was used for 15-week study periods: 1st HF dialyzer, MCO dialyzer, 2nd HF dialyzer, for 5 weeks respectively. 1 H-nuclear magnetic resonance was used to identify the metabolites and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analysis was used to identify proteins. To compare the effects of the HF and MCO dialyzers, orthogonal projection to latent structure discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was performed. OPLS-DA showed that metabolite characteristics could be significantly classified by 1st HF and MCO dialyzers. The Pre-HD metabolites with variable importance in projection scores ≥ 1.0 in both 1st HF versus MCO and MCO versus 2nd HF were succinate, glutamate, and histidine. The pre-HD levels of succinate and histidine were significantly lower, while those of glutamate were significantly higher in MCO period than in the HF period. OPLS-DA of the proteome also substantially separated 1st HF and MCO periods. Plasma pre-HD levels of fibronectin 1 were significantly higher, and those of complement component 4B and retinol-binding protein 4 were significantly lower in MCO than in the 1st HF period. Interestingly, as per Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, an increase in epithelial cell proliferation and a decrease in endothelial cell apoptosis occurred during the MCO period. Overall, our results suggest that the use of MCO dialyzers results in characteristic metabolomics and proteomics profiles during HD compared with HF dialyzers, which might be related to oxidative stress, insulin resistance, complement-coagulation axis, inflammation, and nutrition.

Recently, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are getting considerable attention as an energy harvesting tool that can convert random mechanical energy into electricity due to the wide material selection, low cost, and easy fabrication. TENGs work by contact electrification on the interface and electrostatic induction on the electrodes when two surfaces contact and separate. Herein, the study of the contact electrification process on the metal–polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) interface is conducted focusing on the effect of β phase content on the electrical properties of the PVDF films. It is found through the EFM and KPFM surface electrical studies that a higher β phase promotes stronger electrostatic interactions and enhances electron‐cloud overlap with the metal coated cantilever tip that leads to higher amount of charge transfer. Additionally, there is overall enhancement of the TENGs electric output performance for a higher β phase containing PVDF films and the maximum electric output of 8.1 V and 12.2 nA is obtained for the TENG made with 79% β phase PVDF film. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is polymorphic polymer commonly used in piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerator applications. A higher polar β phase content in PVDF films is found to increase electrostatic attraction between the polymer and metal, leading to enhanced charge transfer observed through kelvin probe force microscopy potential measurements as well as electrical output performance of triboelectric nanogenerators.

Halide perovskite single crystals (SCs) have attracted much attention for their application in high‐performance x‐ray detectors owing to their desirable properties, including low defect density, high mobility–lifetime product (μτ), and long carrier diffusion length. However, suppressing the inherent defects in perovskites and overcoming the ion migration primarily caused by these defects remains a challenge. This study proposes a facile process for dipping Cs0.05FA0.9MA0.05PbI3 SCs synthesized by a solution‐based inverse temperature crystallization method into a 2‐phenylethylammonium iodide (PEAI) solution to reduce the number of defects, inhibit ion migration, and increase x‐ray sensitivity. Compared to conventional spin coating, this simple dipping process forms a two‐dimensional PEA2PbI4 layer on all SC surfaces without further treatment, effectively passivating all surfaces of the inherently defective SCs and minimizing ion migration. As a result, the PEAI‐treated perovskite SC‐based x‐ray detector achieves a record x‐ray sensitivity of 1.3 × 105 μC Gyair−1 cm−2 with a bias voltage of 30 V at realistic clinical dose rates of 1–5 mGy s−1 (peak potential of 110 kVp), which is 6 times more sensitive than an untreated SC‐based detector and 3 orders of magnitude more sensitive than a commercial α‐Se‐based detector. Furthermore, the PEAI‐treated‐perovskite SC‐based x‐ray detector exhibits a low detection limit (73 nGy s−1), improved x‐ray response, and clear x‐ray images by a scanning method, highlighting the effectiveness of the PEAI dipping approach for fabricating next‐generation x‐ray detectors. This study presents a novel PEAI solution dipping scheme to passivate defects present on all exposed surfaces of perovskite single crystals. This treatment forms 2D PEA2PbI4 without further annealing and effectively passivates all surfaces of the single crystal, resulting in a significant improvement in transport properties and an increase in activation energy for ion migration. The x‐ray detector showed a record high sensitivity of 1.3 × 105 μC Gyair−1 cm−2 at the clinical dose rate and provided x‐ray images without a multiplexer circuit.

Although age-related characteristics of hepatic metabolism are reported, those in infants are not fully understood. In the present study, we performed untargeted metabolomic profiling of the livers of infant (3-week-old) and adult (9-week-old) male ICR mice using 1H-NMR spectroscopy and compared 35 abundant hepatic metabolite concentrations between the two groups. The liver/body weight ratio did not differ between the two groups; however, serum glucose, blood urea nitrogen, total cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations were lower in infants than in adults. Hepatic carbohydrate metabolites (glucose, maltose, and mannose) were higher, whereas amino acids (glutamine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and valine) were lower in infant mice than in adult mice. The concentrations of ascorbate, betaine, sarcosine, and ethanolamine were higher, whereas those of taurine, inosine, and O-phosphocholine were lower in infant mice than in adult mice. The differences in liver metabolites between the two groups could be due to differences in their developmental stages and dietary sources (breast milk for infants and laboratory chow for adults). The above results provide insights into the hepatic metabolism in infants; however, the exact implications of the findings require further investigation.

Myositis ossificans (MO) can compress peripheral nerves and cause neuropathy. We herein describe a patient with ulnar neuropathy caused by MO at the medial elbow. A 28-year-old man with a drowsy mentality and multiple organ damage following a traffic accident was admitted to our hospital. After 3 weeks of postoperative care, the patient’s mental status recovered. However, he complained of severe sharp pain in his left medial forearm and fourth and fifth fingers. He exhibited weak fifth finger abduction and wrist adduction. Severe elbow joint pain was elicited during range-of-motion testing of his left elbow. Ultrasound also showed an edematous, enlarged, hypoechoic ulnar nerve lying above the MO, and the MO outwardly displaced the ulnar nerve. Elbow radiographic examination, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed MO development and compression of the left ulnar nerve. The patient underwent surgery; the following day, his left medial forearm pain completely disappeared with slight improvement in the motor weakness of fifth finger abduction. Ultrasound is a useful tool to easily evaluate the presence of MO and compression of peripheral nerves caused by MO.