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Different species respond differently to severe injury, such as limb loss. In species that regenerate, limb loss is met with complete restoration of the limbs’ form and function, whereas in mammals the amputated limb’s stump heals and scars. In in vitro studies, electrical stimulation (EStim) has been shown to promote cell migration, and osteo- and chondrogenesis. In in vivo studies, after limb amputation, EStim causes significant new bone, cartilage and vessel growth. Here, in a rat model, the stumps of amputated rat limbs were exposed to EStim, and we measured extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, macrophage distribution, cell proliferation and gene expression changes at early (3 and 7 days) and later stages (28 days). We found that EStim caused differences in ECM deposition, with less condensed collagen fibrils, and modified macrophage response by changing M1 to M2 macrophage ratio. The number of proliferating cells was increased in EStim treated stumps 7 days after amputation, and transcriptome data strongly supported our histological findings, with activated gene pathways known to play key roles in embryonic development and regeneration. In conclusion, our findings support the hypothesis that EStim shifts injury response from healing/scarring towards regeneration. A better understanding of if and how EStim controls these changes, could lead to strategies that replace scarring with regeneration.

Aims: Observed changes in subcategories of injury death were used to test the hypothesis that a sizeable proportion of \"injury deaths of undetermined intent\" (Y10-Y34 in ICD 10) in the Baltic and Slavic countries after the USSR dissolved in 1991 were hidden suicides. Methods: Using male age-adjusted suicide rates for two distinctly different periods, 1981-90 and 1992-20053 changes, ratios and correlations were calculated. The data were compared with the EU average. Results: After the USSR broke up, the obligation to make a definitive diagnosis became less strict. A massive increase in \"injury deaths of undetermined intent\" resulted. The mean rate for the second period reached 52.8 per 100,000 males in Russia (the highest rate) and 12.9 in Lithuania (the lowest), against 3.2 in EU-15. The rise from the first to the second period was highest in Belarus (56%) and Russia (44%). The number of injury deaths of undetermined intent was almost equal to that of suicides in Russia in 2005 (ratio 1.0) and Ukraine in 2002 (1.1). In all the countries, especially the Slavic ones, prevalence trends of injury-death subcategories were uniform, i.e. strongly correlated over time. No direct substitution of one diagnosis for another was evident. Conclusions: There is no evidence that the category of \"injury deaths of undetermined intent\" in the Baltic and Slavic countries hides suicides alone. Aggregate level analysis indicates that accidents and homicides could sometimes be diagnosed as undetermined.

A technique for the Selective Differential Display of RNAs containing Interspersed Repeats (SDDIR) has been elaborated. SDDIR involves two main steps: (1) selective amplification by RT-PCR of a subset of the total cellular RNA containing a certain type of repetitive element, and (2) side-by-side display of the amplicons derived from the tissues under comparison by means of gel electrophoresis in parallel lanes. The technique was used to compare the expression of transcripts containing LTR (Long Terminal Repeat) sequences derived from human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) in testicular germ cell tumors and in corresponding normal tissue. SDDIR enabled us to obtain an overview of LTRs represented in the total transcribed fraction and to reveal differences in transcription patterns of the LTRs in normal and tumor tissues. An unexpectedly large number of LTRs was found to be transcribed, and the levels of many of the transcripts differed between normal and tumor tissues.

The use of medical cannabis products is expanding, yet real-world data on associated adverse events (AEs) remain limited. Controlled trials often exclude diverse patient populations and product types, making post-marketing surveillance essential to understanding cannabinoid safety. The aim of this study is to characterize AEs reported by patients enrolled in the Minnesota Medical Cannabis Program and explore associations between AE severity, cannabinoid doses, and product types. This was a retrospective analysis of AEs reported between 2015 and 2021 by individuals receiving products from a single licensed manufacturer. Demographic data, qualifying condition, cannabis formulation, and daily purified cannabidiol (CBD)/delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) doses were collected. AEs were classified by severity and analyzed in relation to cannabinoid content and product formulation using non-parametric Mann-Whitney U tests ( < 0.05). A total of 237 calls were received from 225 individuals reporting 692 symptoms. Most calls were from medical cannabis consumers (79.3%) and were predominantly classified as minor in severity (71.7%). Most AEs were associated with THC-dominant products (39.8%), and capsule formulations (36.8% of the overall products) were most commonly implicated. Among individuals with dose data, those with moderate AEs were associated with significantly higher daily THC doses than those with minor AEs ( < 0.05). Treatment discontinuation occurred in 32.5% of cases following AE reporting. Although AEs were infrequently reported, they were often clinically meaningful and led to treatment discontinuation. The voluntary nature of reporting likely underestimates the actual AE burden, capturing only more severe or bothersome events. These findings underscore the need for enhanced pharmacovigilance systems and further research into the long-term safety and public health implications of cannabinoid therapies, especially among medically complex patients.

The Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is a severe epileptic encephalopathy that affects children and constitutes approximately 5 percent of childhood epilepsies 1 . The syndrome is characterized by the onset of multiple types of seizures during childhood, including atypical absence and atonic seizures; slow spike-wave electroencephalographic patterns; and mental retardation that is frequently progressive 2 . It is difficult to control the seizures in these patients, even with multiple anticonvulsant drugs, 3 and the prognosis for cognitive development is poor. Valproate, benzodiazepines, and other antiepileptic drugs are of some benefit in patients with the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome 4 – 6 . The control of seizures sometimes improves when . . .

Hintergrund. Rotaviren (RV) sind häufige Erreger von Gastroenteritiden bei Kindern weltweit. In Deutschland liegen im Vergleich zu anderen Ländern nur wenige epidemiologische Daten zur Inzidenz von RV-Infektionen vor. Aus diesem Grund wurde eine prospektive Multizenterstudie zur Erfassung der Morbidität und Hospitalisierungshäufigkeit von RV-Infektionen in der Altersgruppe der Kinder von 0–48 Monaten durchgeführt.Methoden. In einer prospektiven Multizenterstudie wurden in 6 Krankenhäusern in 5 Regionen Deutschlands im Zeitraum Juni 1997–Mai 1998 Stuhlproben aller Kinder bis zum 4. Lebensjahr, die aufgrund einer akuten Gastroenteritis (AGE) hospitalisiert waren, zunächst mit einem ELISA-Schnelltest analysiert und dann eine Genotypisierung mittels PCR durchgeführt. Bei jedem untersuchten Kind wurden Alter, Geschlecht, Datum der stationären Aufnahme erfasst und bei einer definierten Untergruppe (n=99), die sich aus den in der Nähe der Kliniken (primär versorgenden) Kinderarztpraxen rekrutierte, noch ergänzende Daten zu Schweregrad der AGE, Krankheitsverlauf und Therapie erhoben.Ergebnisse. Insgesamt wurden im Beobachtungszeitraum in den 6 teilnehmenden Kliniken 15.182 Kinder unter 4 Jahren hospitalisiert, 10% dieser Kinder (n = 1521) aufgrund einer AGE. Von diesen AGE-Fällen waren 41,2% (n = 626) RV-Antigen-positiv. Auf der Basis der erhobenen Daten wurde die jährliche Hospitalisierungsrate in Deutschland aufgrund einer RV-Infektion in der Altersgruppe 0–48 Monate auf 24.149 Kinder (7,7/1000 Kinder) berechnet. Dies entspricht einem Anteil von 4,1% an der Anzahl der insgesamt pro Jahr in dieser Altergruppe hospitalisierten Kinder (n=589.000). Über 70% der RV-Fälle traten in den Wintermonaten (Dezember 1997–April 1998) auf. Der Schweregrad in der Gruppe der RV-Antigen-positiven AGE-Fälle war deutlich höher als in der Gruppe der RV-Antigen-negativen AGE-Fälle (p=0,005). In der Mehrzahl der Fälle wurden die Serotypen G1/P8 (76%) und G4/P8 (18%) nachgewiesen.Schlussfolgerung. Trotz einer milden RV-Epidemie von 1997–1998 zeigen die Daten, dass RV-AGE ein häufiger Grund für die Hospitalisierung von Kindern unter 4 Jahren in Deutschland ist. Der klinische Schweregrad war in der Gruppe der RV-bedingten AGE höher als in der Gruppe der AGE, die durch andere Erreger verursacht wurden.