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Perovskite solar cells with an inverted architecture provide a key pathway for commercializing this emerging photovoltaic technology because of the better power conversion efficiency and operational stability compared with the normal device structure. Specifically, power conversion efficiencies of the inverted perovskite solar cells have exceeded 25% owing to the development of improved self-assembled molecules 1 – 5 and passivation strategies 6 – 8 . However, poor wettability and agglomeration of self-assembled molecules 9 – 12 cause interfacial losses, impeding further improvement in the power conversion efficiency and stability. Here we report a molecular hybrid at the buried interface in inverted perovskite solar cells that co-assembled the popular self-assembled molecule [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9 H -carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz) with the multiple aromatic carboxylic acid 4,4′,4″-nitrilotribenzoic acid (NA) to improve the heterojunction interface. The molecular hybrid of Me-4PACz with NA could substantially improve the interfacial characteristics. The resulting inverted perovskite solar cells demonstrated a record certified steady-state efficiency of 26.54%. Crucially, this strategy aligns seamlessly with large-scale manufacturing, achieving one of the highest certified power conversion efficiencies for inverted mini-modules at 22.74% (aperture area 11.1 cm 2 ). Our device also maintained 96.1% of its initial power conversion efficiency after more than 2,400 h of 1-sun operation in ambient air. High efficiency in perovskite solar cells is achieved by using a molecular hybrid of a self-assembled monolayer with nitrilotribenzoic acid.

Tandem photovoltaics hold great potential to surpass the efficiency limit of single-junction solar cells. Detrimental structural defects and chemical reactions at buried interfaces of subcells considerably impede the performance of integrated tandems. Here, we devise a mercapto-functionalized mesoporous silica layer as a superstructure at the buried interface to modulate the crystallisation, eliminate nanovoids, passivate defects, and suppress the oxidation of Sn(II) in the tin–lead perovskite films, contributing substantially to reduce charge carrier losses and improve stability in positive-intrinsic-negative structured devices. Consequently, the tin–lead perovskite single-junction cells show efficiency values of up to 23.7% with the best open-circuit voltage of 0.89 V. With the enhanced subcells, our double-junction tandems show efficiency values of 29.6% (certified 29.5% and steady-state 28.7%) and 24.7% on solar cells and 11.3 cm 2 mini-modules, respectively. Encapsulated tandems maintain 90% of initial efficiency after 445 h of maximum power point tracking under simulated 1-sun illumination. It is generally more difficult to modify the buried interfaces compared to top interfaces in tin-lead perovskite subcells. Here, the authors employ a mercapto-functionalized mesoporous silica layer as a superstructure, realizing maximum efficiency of 29.6% for double-junction tandem solar cells.

Stability and scalability are essential and urgent requirements for the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), which are retarded by the non‐ideal interface leading to non‐radiative recombination and degradation. Extensive efforts are devoted to reducing the defects at the perovskite surface. However, the effects of the buried interface on the degradation and non‐radiative recombination need to be further investigated. Herein, an omnibearing strategy to modify buried and top surfaces of perovskite film to reduce interfacial defects, by incorporating aluminum oxide (Al2O3) as a dielectric layer and growth scaffolds (buried surface) and phenethylammonium bromide as a passivation layer (buried and top surfaces), is demonstrated. Consequently, the open‐circuit voltage is extensively boosted from 1.02 to 1.14 V with the incorporation of Al2O3 filling the voids between grains, resulting in dense morphology of buried interface and reduced recombination centers. Finally, the impressive efficiencies of 23.1% (0.1 cm2) and 22.4% (1 cm2) are achieved with superior stability, which remain 96% (0.1 cm2) and 89% (1 cm2) of its initial performance after 1200 (0.1 cm2) and 2500 h (1 cm2) illumination, respectively. The dual modification provides a universal method to reduce interfacial defects, revealing a promising prospect in developing high‐performance PSCs and modules. The aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles are imbedded into the buried interface, which fills the voids and grain boundaries of perovskite, leading to compact morphology and reduced dangling bonds and defects. The suppressed trap‐assisted recombination, better energy alignment, and decreased J–V hysteresis in the modified device with Al2O3 nanoparticles and phenethylammonium bromide contribute to a significant increase in voltage and stability.

Antarctic krill is a potential and attractive resource for consumption. However, most Antarctic krill meat is used to produce primary products with low commercial value, with few highly processed products. This study aimed to evaluate and improve the gelling properties of Antarctic krill surimi, with Pacific white shrimp surimi as control. Compared with Pacific white shrimp surimi, the lower β-sheet content and protein aggregation degree had a severe impact on the formation of the gel network of Antarctic krill surimi, which resulted in weaker breaking force, gel strength, and viscoelasticity (p < 0.05). Moreover, water retention capacity and molecular forces had a positive effect on the stability of the gel matrix of shrimp surimi. Thus, the high α-helix/β-sheet ratio, weak intermolecular interactions, and low level of protein network cross-linkage were the main reasons for the poor quality of Antarctic krill surimi. On this basis, the effects of six polysaccharides on the texture properties of Antarctic krill surimi were studied. Chitosan, konjac glucomannan, sodium carboxyl methyl cellulose, and waxy maize starch resulted in no significant improvement in the texture properties of Antarctic krill surimi (p > 0.05). However, the addition of ι-carrageenan (2%) or κ-carrageenan (1~2%) is an effective way to improve the texture properties of Antarctic krill surimi (p < 0.05). These findings will contribute to the development of reconstituted Antarctic krill surimi products with high nutritional quality and the promotion of deep-processing products of Antarctic krill meat.

In this study, a novel three-dimensional biofilm electrode reactor (3D-BER) with a graphene oxide (GO)–modified cathode was developed to enhance the denitrification performance of secondary effluent from wastewater treatment plants (SEWTPs). The effects of different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) and currents on the 3D-BER were explored. The results indicated that at the optimal HRT of 4 h and current of 350 mA/m2, the 3D-BER with GO-modified cathode had a higher denitrification rate (2.40 ± 0.1 mg TN/L/h) and less accumulation of intermediate products, especially with 3.34% total nitrogen (TN) molar conversion to N2O. The GO-modified cathode offered a large biocompatible specific surface area and enhanced the conductivity, which favored microbial growth and increased electron transfer efficiency and extracellular enzyme activities. Moreover, the activity of nitrite reductase increased more than that of nitrate reductase to accelerate nitrite reduction, thus facilitating the denitrification process. The proposed 3D-BER provided an effective solution to elevate tertiary denitrification in the SEWTP.

Aircraft icing represents a serious hazard in aviation which has caused a number of fatal accidents over the years. In addition, it can lead to substantial increase in drag and weight, thus reducing the aerodynamics performance of the airplane. The process of ice accretion on a solid surface is a complex interaction of aerodynamic and environmental variables. The complex relationship makes machine learning-based methods an attractive alternative to traditional numerical simulation-based approaches. In this study, we introduce a purely data-driven approach to find the complex pattern between different flight conditions and aircraft icing severity prediction. The supervised learning algorithm Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) is applied to establish the prediction framework which makes prediction based on any set of observations. The input flight conditions for the proposed prediction framework are liquid water content, droplet diameter and exposure time. The proposed approach is demonstrated in three cases: maximum ice thickness prediction, icing area prediction and icing severity level evaluation. Performance comparison studies and error analysis are also conducted to verify the effectiveness and performance of the proposed method. Results show that the proposed method has reasonable capability in evaluating aircraft icing severity.

Wide-bandgap (WBG) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as promising candidates for tandem applications, despite potential instability induced by halogen components. Formamidinium-cesium (FACs)-based perovskites represent as an intrinsically stable WBG system due to their low bromine-to-lead ratio and the absence of thermally unstable methylammonium. However, the performance of FACs-based WBG perovskites is highly dependent on achieving precise control over the formation dynamics. Here, we employ in-situ characterization to reveal that the key to this control lies in the evolution of the intermediate phase and propose a pathway-priming strategy. By strategically guiding the early formation of the CsPbX 3 intermediate phases, the strategy in turn templates and accelerates the subsequent transformation to the desired α-phase. The primed pathway yields a more uniform and complete phase transition, leading to enhanced film homogeneity. As a result, we demonstrate highly efficient 1.67 eV WBG PSCs with an efficiency exceeding 23%, along with excellent long-term operating stability maintaining 90% initial performance for 800 hours under continuous light stress. Furthermore, semitransparent WBG PSC achieve efficiencies of 20.91% (0.1 cm 2 ) and 19.67% (1.0 cm 2 ), corresponding to a four-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with an efficiency of 31.04% (1.0 cm 2 ), highlighting their potential for high-performance tandem photovoltaics. Wide-bandgap perovskites offer promise for tandems but suffer from formation-pathway instabilities. Huang et al. use in-situ analysis to guide CsPbX₃ intermediate evolution, enabling uniform α-phase formation and high-efficiency, stable devices.

Aircraft icing refers to the ice buildup on the surface of an aircraft flying in icing conditions. The ice accretion on the aircraft alters the original aerodynamic configuration and degrades the aerodynamic performances and may lead to unsafe flight conditions. Evaluating the flow structure, icing mechanism and consequences is of great importance to the development of an anti/deicing technique. Studies have shown computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and machine learning (ML) to be effective in predicting the ice shape and icing severity under different flight conditions. CFD solves a set of partial differential equations to obtain the air flow fields, water droplets trajectories and ice shape. ML is a branch of artificial intelligence and, based on the data, the self-improved computer algorithms can be effective in finding the nonlinear mapping relationship between the input flight conditions and the output aircraft icing severity features.

A method to simulate ice accretion on an aircraft wing using a three-dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes solver, a Eulerian droplet flow field model, a mesh morphing model, and a thermodynamic model, is presented in this paper. The above models are combined together into one solver and implemented in OpenFOAM. Two-way coupling is achieved between airflow field calculation and ice simulation. The density-based solver rhoEnergyFoam is used to calculate the airflow field. The roughness wall function is proposed to simulate the roughness effect caused by ice accretion. For droplet flow field calculation, the Eulerian model is applied and the permeable wall boundary condition is used on the wing to simulate the droplet impingement. The icing thermodynamic model is built based on the Messinger model. The mesh morphing model adjusts the wing’s shape every time step based on the amount of accreted ice so that the airflow field is updated during the simulation. The effect of the ice accretion on the airflow is studied by comparing the aerodynamic performance—with and without ice. The ice accretion on the ONERA M6 wing model under a specific condition has been simulated to validate the solver’s performance and investigate the effect of the accreted ice on the aerodynamic performance.

The prognosis of AIDS after active antiretroviral therapy (ART) and the quality of life of people living with HIV (PLWH) are both affected by non-AIDS-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the specific risk ratios between PLWH and individuals negative for HIV are poorly understood. We aimed to systematically review and investigate the CVD risk factors associated with HIV. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases between 1 January 2015, and 12 May 2023 for articles reported the prevalence and risk factors of CVD such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia, coronary artery disease (CAD), and myocardial infarction (MI). Due to the high heterogeneity, we used a random-effects model to analyse the data. All statistical analyses were performed using Stata/MP 17.0 with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We analysed 31 eligible studies including 312 913 PLWH. People living with HIV had higher risks of dyslipidaemia (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.29, 1.82), CAD (HR = 1.37; 95% CI = 1.24, 1.51), and MI (HR = 1.47; 95% CI = 1.28, 1.68) compared to individuals without HIV. However, there were no significant differences in the prevalence of hypertension between groups (HR = 1.17; 95% CI = 0.97, 1.41). Subgroup analysis revealed that men with HIV, PLWH who smoked and the elderly PLWH had a high prevalence of CVD. Moreover, the disease prevalence patterns varied among regions. In the USA and Europe, for instance, some HRs for CVD were higher than in other regions. Active ART initiation after 2015 appears to have a lower risk of CVD (hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, CAD). All outcomes under analysis showed significant heterogeneity (I >70%, P < 0.001), which the available study-level variables could only partially account for. People living with HIV had a higher CVD risk than the general population; thus, CVD prevention in PLWH requires further attention. Rapid initiation of ART may reduce the incidence of CVD in PLWH. For timely screening of CVD high-risk individuals and thorough disease management to prevent CVD, further studies are required to evaluate the risk factors for CVD among PLWH, such as age, region, etc. PROSPERO (CRD42021255508).