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ObjectiveTo investigate the relapse rate and study the factors that may predict the subsequent relapse in anti-NMDAR, anti-GABABR and anti-LGI1 encephalitis in Northeast China.MethodsIn the retrospective cohort study, we consecutively enrolled patients with anti-N1MDAR, anti-GABABR and anti-LGI1 encephalitis between March 2015 and November 2021. The patients were followed up for at least 6 months. The outcome variable was a binary variable of relapse or not. Predictors of relapse were identified.ResultsA total of 100 patients were enrolled. Relapse occurred in 26 (26%) patients after a median follow-up of 18 months since the first event. The relapse rates of anti - NMDAR, anti - GABABR and anti - LGI1 encephalitis were 25%, 33.3%, and 28.6%, respectively. The multivariable analysis results suggested that immunotherapy delay at the acute phase was independently associated with an increased risk of relapse in total patients (HR = 2.447, 95% CI = 1.027 - 5.832; P = 0.043). Subgroup analysis results showed that antibody titer was associated with the likelihood of relapse in anti-LGI1 encephalitis. The higher the concentration, the more likely it was for patients to have relapse (p=0.019).ConclusionThe general relapse rate of anti-NMDAR, anti-GABABR and anti-LGI1 encephalitis was 26%. The risk of subsequent relapse was elevated in those with delayed immunotherapy in the first episode. In subgroup of anti-LGI1 encephalitis, higher antibody titer was the risk factors of relapse. Thus, timely and aggressive immunotherapy may be beneficial for patients to prevent subsequent relapse.

Background Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and insulin resistance (IR) are interlinked. The aim of our study was to investigate the predictive value of metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR) and triglyceride-glucose(TyG) index in relation to OSA combined with NAFLD in physical examination population. Methods This is a retrospective observational study. 329 physical examiners who attended the healthcare centre of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University for polysomnography and abdominal ultrasonography (or CT abdominal scanning) from September 2021 to July 2024. Subjects were categorized into two groups according to the presence or absence of combined NAFLD. Logistic regression analysis and restricted cubic spline model (RCS) were used to evaluate the relationship between TyG index and METS-IR and NAFLD. The predictive value of TyG index and METS-IR for NAFLD was determined by receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC curves). Results A total of 329 subjects were analyzed. The prevalence of NAFLD increased with increasing TyG index (P for trend < 0.001), and METS-IR showed an increasing–decreasing-increasing trend with NAFLD risk (P for trend < 0.001). RCS analysis showed a dose–response relationship between NAFLD risk and METS-IR ( p  = 0.012) and a linear relationship with the TyG index ( p  = 0.078), with a significant increase in the risk of NAFLD when the METS-IR exceeded a threshold of 47.47 (OR = 1). Compared with TyG index (AUC = 0.775, 95% CI: 0.711–0.828), METS-IR (AUC = 0.778, 95% CI: 0.716–0.836) had a higher predictive value for NAFLD in the OSA physical examination population. Conclusions In the OSA population, TyG index and METS-IR had predictive value for the development of NAFLD, with METS-IR being superior to TyG index.

We aimed to investigate the mortality rate and identify the predictors of death in patients with anti-NMDAR, anti-LGI1, and anti-GABABR encephalitis. Patients with anti-NMDAR, anti-LGI1, and anti-GABABR encephalitis were recruited from the Neurology Department of the First Hospital of Jilin University from March 2015 to November 2021. The primary outcome variable was a binary variable of death vs. survival. The potential risk factors for mortality were evaluated. The mortality rates were determined, and the independent predictors of death were identified using multivariable logistic regression analysis. A total of 100 hospitalized patients with anti-NMDAR, anti-LGI1, or anti-GABABR encephalitis were included in the final analysis. Fifteen patients (15%) died during a median follow-up period of 18 months. The mortality rates were 10% for anti-NMDAR encephalitis, 2.8% for anti-LGI1 encephalitis, and 41.7% for anti-GABABR encephalitis. The multivariable analysis results showed that older age at onset [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.017, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.009-1.136; = 0.023] was independently associated with an increased risk of death. Antibody type was also associated with mortality. Patients with anti-GABABR encephalitis had 13.458-fold greater odds of dying than patients with anti-LGI1 encephalitis (adjusted OR = 13.458, 95% CI = 1.270-142.631; = 0.031). The general mortality rate of anti-NMDAR, anti-LGI1, and anti-GABABR encephalitis was 15%. Age at onset and type of autoimmune encephalitis antibody were independent predictors of death in these patients.

Background Infections caused by Candida glabrata have raised increasing concerns, particularly due to the increasing resistance to echinocandins. Objectives This study investigated echinocandins susceptibility trends in C. glabrata isolates and explored the mechanisms driving resistance. Methods We analyzed 418 strains of C. glabrata derived from hospitalized patients. Phenotypic resistance was assessed, and genotypic analysis was performed to identify mutations in the hotspot-1 and hotspot-2 regions of the FKS1 and FKS2 genes. Additionally, genotyping was conducted using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Results The resistance rates to caspofungin, anidulafungin, and micafungin were 5.0%, 3.8%, and 4.0%, respectively, while fluconazole resistance was observed in 9.6% of the strains. Notably, 1.0% of the strains demonstrated resistance to both fluconazole and echinocandins. Mutations in the FKS genes were identified in 11 strains, predominantly in the FKS2-HS1 region. The most prevalent mutation was the F659 deletion (54.54%, 6/11), followed by S663F (18.18%, 2/11). Other mutations, including F659S, F659Y, and S663P, were also detected. These 11 mutated strains were classified into six distinct sequence types (STs), with ST208 being the most prevalent. Conclusion The resistance rate of C. glabrata to echinocandins has been increasing annually in Guangdong province. Echinocandin resistance is associated with mutations in the FKS2 gene.

Accurate individual tree crown identification is essential for urban forestry, yet existing datasets often lack exhaustive annotations and multi-temporal diversity. To address this limitation, an exhaustively annotated dataset was curated for crown instance segmentation, comprising 47,754 labeled individual crowns from approximately 110 species across three temporal phases. Anchored in a “crown geometry” labeling criterion focusing on upper-canopy individuals visible in the imagery, and the high-resolution imagery captured seasonal variations in shape, color, and texture, providing an empirical basis for within-site robustness. Utilizing this dataset, this study (1) compared five instance segmentation models; (2) evaluated their generalization capabilities across different temporal phases; and (3) tested a multi-temporal joint training strategy and a non-maximum suppression (NMS)-based fusion. The experiments revealed significant overfitting in single-temporal models. While ConvNeXt-V2 achieved a high segmentation mean Average Precision (Segm_mAP) of 0.852 within the same temporal phase, its performance dropped sharply to 0.361 across phases. Bi-temporal joint training significantly mitigated this issue, improving cross-temporal performance to 0.665 and further increasing within-phase accuracy to 0.874. In contrast, tri-temporal training reduced accuracy (0.748), demonstrating that effective generalizability depends on the strategic selection of complementary temporal phases rather than the mere accumulation of data. The multi-temporal training framework provided in this study could serve as a practical reference and a foundational benchmark for further urban forest structural monitoring research.

Objective Under the prevention and control measures of COVID‐19, the epidemiological situation of respiratory pathogens is not well known. Understanding the patterns of respiratory pathogens epidemiology under the prevention and control measures of COVID‐19 is important to guide resource allocation for existing and future treatment and prevention strategies. Methods In total, 659 fever outpatients nasopharyngeal swabs were collected at fever illness onset during June in 2022 at the First Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. Swabs were tested by real‐time fluorescent single‐tube multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for 12 respiratory pathogens. Moreover, 108 of the 659 swabs were tested for influenza virus antigen. Results At least one pathogen was detected in 477 (72.38%) of 659 fever outpatients with multiple pathogens identified in 25 (3.79%). The highest multiple infectious pattern is parainfluenza virus in combination with influenza (five cases). Influenza A virus (IFA), human rhinovirus (HRV), and parainfluenza virus are the three leading virus pathogens with proportions of 64.64%, 5.01%, and 2.88%. School‐age children and adult groups have the highest pathogens positivity rate of 81.28% and 83.87%. Conclusion A high proportion of adolescents and adults has respiratory pathogens detected during fever illnesses during June in 2022 under the prevention and control of COVID‐19. These data indicate that diagnosis, prevention, and control of respiratory tract infection should be paid attention under the prevention and control of COVID‐19. In this work, Multiplex Probe Amplification (MPA) technique was used to detect 12 respiratory viruses in the nasopharyngeal swabs of 659 fever outpatients, showing a relatively high positive rate (72.38%), including multiple infections (3.79%). The positive rate of influenza A (64.64%), and infection was the highest, followed by HRV (5.01%) and PIV (2.88%). A high proportion of adolescents and adults has respiratory pathogens detected during fever illnesses during June in 2022 under the prevention and control of COVID‐19.

Aquaculture is one of the world's fastest‐growing and most traded food industries, but it is under the threat of climate‐related risks represented by global warming, marine heatwave (MHW) events, ocean acidification, and deoxygenation. For the sustainable development of aquaculture, selective breeding may be a viable method to obtain aquatic economic species with greater tolerance to environmental stressors. In this study, we estimated the heritability of heat tolerance trait of Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai, performed genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) analysis for heat tolerance to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and candidate genes, and assessed the potential of genomic selection (GS) in the breeding of abalone industry. A total of 1120 individuals were phenotyped for their heat tolerance and genotyped with 64,788 quality‐controlled SNPs. The heritability of heat tolerance was moderate (0.35–0.42) and the predictive accuracy estimated using BayesB (0.55 ± 0.05) was higher than that using GBLUP (0.40 ± 0.01). A total of 11 genome‐wide significant SNPs and 2 suggestive SNPs were associated with heat tolerance of abalone, and 13 candidate genes were identified, including got2,znfx1,l(2)efl, and lrp5. Based on GWAS results, the prediction accuracy using the top 5K SNPs was higher than that using randomly selected SNPs and higher than that using all SNPs. These results suggest that GS is an efficient approach for improving the heat tolerance of abalone and pave the way for abalone selecting breeding programs in rapidly changing oceans.

Background In this study, we examine the association between the hyperuricemia(HU) and hypertension(HTN) in Chinese young adults. Besides, the correlation between the occurrence of thickened left ventricular wall and HU was identified in patients with HTN. Methods In all, 360 patients with HTN and 1991 young adults with normal blood pressure(NBP) were enrolled in the study. Participant characteristics were collected. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression tests were utilized to identify the correlation between the presence of HU and HTN, and the correlation between the occurrence of thickened ventricular septum and HU in patients with HTN. Results The prevalence of HU in Chinese young adults with HTN was significantly higher than young adults with NBP(36.39% vs. 16.93%). Univariable analyses revealed that 8 factors were related with the presence of HTN with p value < 0.001, including HU, male, body mass index(BMI) ≥ 24 kg/m 2 , total cholesterol(TC) > 5.17mmol/L, triglyceride(TG) > 1.70mmol/L, high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C) < 1.0mmol/L, fasting blood glucose(FBG) > 6.10mmol/L and fatty liver. After adjusting these covariates, multivariable analysis revealed that HU[odds ratio(OR):1.47, 95% confidence interval(CI): 1.10–1.95, p  = 0.008] remained independent association with HTN in young adults. Additionally, univariable and multivariable logistic analyses revealed that HU kept the independent effect on the presence of thickened interventricular septum(adjusted OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.05–3.11, P  = 0.03) and thickened left ventricular posterior wall(adjusted OR = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.28–4.08, P  = 0.005) in young adults with HTN. Conclusion HU was independently associated with HTN in young adults. HU was independently correlated with thickened left ventricular wall, including interventricular septum and left ventricular posterior wall, in young adults with HTN.

To investigate the clinical characteristics of acute symptomatic seizures and the predictors of the development of epilepsy in patients with anti-NMDAR, anti-LGI1, and anti-GABABR encephalitis. We retrospectively screened the medical records of 86 hospitalized patients with confirmed autoimmune encephalitis (AE). The clinical characteristics of acute symptomatic seizures were analyzed. The predictors of the development of epilepsy were investigated using logistic regression analysis. A total of 86 patients with AE were finally included. Eighty-six percent of patients (n = 74) experienced acute symptomatic seizures, and 28.4% of patients developed epilepsy during follow-up. Abnormal EEG findings were more frequent in AE patients with acute symptomatic seizures. A greater number of anti-seizure medications (ASMs), abnormal EEG findings, and delayed immunotherapy were found to be independently associated with the development of epilepsy. Acute symptomatic seizures are a common manifestation in AE patients. During follow-up, 28.4% of AE patients developed epilepsy. The independent factors that predicted the development of epilepsy after the acute phase included a larger number of ASMs, EEG abnormalities, and delayed immunotherapy. In clinical practice, we should prioritize immunotherapy to control acute seizures as soon as possible. For AE patients with an increased risk of developing epilepsy, early withdrawal of ASM is not recommended.

Background Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is a significant factor in endothelial dysfunction. Celastrol, a potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative pentacyclic triterpene, has shown promise as a protective agent against cardiovascular disease. However, the specific protective effects and mechanisms of celastrol in preventing endothelial dysfunction in diet-induced obesity are not yet fully understood. Methods and results In this study, eight-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed a normal or high-fat diet and treated with or without celastrol for 8 weeks. We measured acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) in the aortae using a wire myograph. The results revealed that EDR was impaired in DIO mice, along with decreased AMPK phosphorylation, increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the aortae. These effects were reversed by celastrol treatment. Celastrol also reversed tunicamycin-induced ER stress, decreased nitric oxide (NO) production, and impaired EDR in mouse aortae. The protective effects of celastrol were negated by co-treatment with an AMPK inhibitor (Compound C). Furthermore, in AMPKα deficient mice, the beneficial effects of celastrol on EDR were significantly reduced. Conclusions These findings suggest that celastrol improves endothelial function by inhibiting ER stress and increasing NO production through the activation of the AMPK pathway in DIO mice. Graphical Abstract The schematic diagram illustrates the mechanism by which celastrol ameliorates endothelial-dependent vasodilatation in diet-induced obesity mice. Celastrol activates the AMPK signaling pathway, thereby suppressing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which collectively enhance endothelial-dependent vasodilatation in diet-induced obesity mice.