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BackgroundIdentifying past temporal trends in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-associated liver cancer (NALC) can increase public awareness of the disease and facilitate future policy development.MethodsAnnual deaths and age-standardized death rates (ASDR) for NALC from 1990 to 2019 were collected from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study. The long-term trend and the critical inflection of mortality of NALC were detected by Joinpoint analysis. Age–period–cohort analysis was employed to evaluate the effects of age, period, and cohort. Last, decomposition analysis was used to reveal the aging and population growth effects for NALC burden.ResultsBetween 1990 and 2019, the ASDR of NALC witnessed an overall declining trend on a global scale, with a decrease in females and a stable trend in males. However, the global ASDR demonstrated a significant upward trend from 2010 to 2019. Southern sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia have the highest NALC burdens, while high socio-demographic index (SDI) region experienced the fastest escalation of NALC burdens over 30 years. The decomposition analysis revealed that population growth and aging were the primary catalysts behind the increase in global NALC deaths. Age–period–cohort analyses showed that NALC mortality declined the fastest among females aged 40–45 years in high SDI region, accompanied by a deteriorating period effect trend during the period of 2010–2019.ConclusionThe global absolute deaths and ASDR of NALC have witnessed a rise in the past decade, with populations exhibiting considerable disparities based on sex, age, and region. Population growth, aging, and metabolism-related factors were the main factors behind the increase in global NALC deaths.

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In the Anthropocene, non-native freshwater fish introductions and translocations have occurred extensively worldwide. However, their global distribution patterns and the factors influencing their establishment remain poorly understood. We analyze a comprehensive database of 14953 freshwater fish species across 3119 river basins and identify global hotspots for exotic and translocated non-native fishes. We show that both types of non-native fishes are more likely to occur when closely related to native fishes. This finding is consistent across measures of phylogenetic relatedness, biogeographical realms, and highly invaded countries, even after accounting for the influence of native diversity. This contradicts Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis, suggesting that the presence of close relatives more often signifies suitable habitats than intensified competition, predicting the establishment of non-native fish species. Our study provides a comprehensive assessment of global non-native freshwater fish patterns and their phylogenetic correlates, laying the groundwork for understanding and predicting future fish invasions in freshwater ecosystems. Whether non-native species are more or less likely to become established in communities that host close relatives is debated. This global study shows that non-native fish species phylogenetically close to native species are more likely to establish in freshwater ecosystems.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between plantar fascia (PF) elasticity, pain, visual analog scale (VAS) score, and plantar fascia thickness (PFT) in adults with plantar fasciitis (PFis). PF elasticity and PFT were measured in 40 subjects by ultrasonic shear wave elastography (USWE), and their VAS score and localized pressure pain threshold (PPT) were determined. Then, the correlations between PF elasticity and PFT, VAS score, and PPT were analyzed. PF elasticity was significantly lower in the PFis group than in the asymptomatic group ( P  < 0.001). PF elasticity at the point of calcaneus insertion was significantly lower in the PFis group (− 40.35% ± 9.81%, P  < 0.001) but significantly higher in the asymptomatic group (26.69% ± 35.30%, P  = 0.018) than that at 1 cm from this point. A significant correlation was detected between PF elasticity and both PPT and VAS scores. In terms of pain intensity, PPT and VAS scores showed a significant correlation (r =  − 0.921, P  < 0.001). PF elasticity in different areas in patients with PFis was associated with pain intensity in terms of both PPT and VAS scores but not with PFT. USWE is a useful system for providing supplemental information in the diagnosis of PFis and provides quantitative parameters for monitoring therapy. Critical relevance statement USWE examination may exert a guiding impact on the pretreatment and posttreatment evaluation of patients with PFis.

Neurological involvement and psychiatric manifestations have been documented in clinical cases of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, the presence of a causal relationship remains elusive. The objective of this study is to investigate the modifications occurring in the cerebral cortex as a result of IBD. A compendium of data extracted from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) involving a maximum of 133,380 European subjects. A series of Mendelian random analyses were applied to exclude heterogeneity and pleiotropy, ensuring the stability of the results. Neither IBDs nor inflammatory cytokines (IL-6/IL-6Rα) were found to have a significant causality with surface area (SA) and thickness (TH) at the global level. At the regional functional brain level, Crohn's disease (CD) significantly decreased the TH of pars orbitalis (β=-0.003mm, Se=0.001mm, p =4.85×10 ). IL-6 was observed to reduce the SA of middle temporal (β=-28.575mm , Se=6.482mm , p =1.04×10 ) and increase the TH of fusiform (β=0.008mm, Se=0.002mm, p =8.86×10 ) and pars opercularis (β=0.009mm, Se=0.002mm, p =2.34×10 ). Furthermore, a causal relationship between IL-6Rα and an increase in the SA of superior frontal (β=21.132mm , Se=5.806mm , p =2.73×10 ) and the TH of supramarginal (β=0.003mm, Se=0.0002mm, p =7.86×10 ). All results passed sensitivity analysis and no heterogeneity and pleiotropy were detected. The correlation between IBD and changes in cerebral cortical structures implies the existence of a gut-brain axis at the organismal level. It is recommended that clinical patients with IBD prioritize long-term management of inflammation, as changes at the organismal level can lead to functional pathologies. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be considered as an additional screening option for IBD.

Purpose This study aims to develop a computational model to assess the cumulative probability of meniscal failure in the knee joint during running. Methods The knee joint forces of twelve male participants were measured while running at speeds of 9 km/h, 12 km/h, and 15 km/h. These forces were used as boundary conditions in a finite element model. The proportion of high-stress elements in the meniscus during the support phase was calculated, and a Weibull distribution-based failure model was used to compute the cumulative injury probabilities of the meniscus over 360 days at the three running speeds. Results Running speed had a significant main effect on this ratio(p = 0.041, F = 3.393, η p 2  = 0.117), the ratio during the stance phase at 15 km/h was greater than at 9 km/h( p  = 0.036, F = 5.402, Cohen’s d  = 1.248), but this difference was not statistically significant when compared to 12 km/h( p  = 0.513, F = 1.068, Cohen’s d  = 0.224); similarly, there was no significant difference between 9 km/h and 12 km/h(p = 0.139, F = 1.335, Cohen’s d  = 0.921). Conclusions Faster running speeds result in higher knee joint reaction forces, however, the probability of meniscal failure is lower. The risk of meniscal failure is more strongly associated with the frequency of stress applications than with the magnitude of the stress itself. Slower running speeds require more gait cycles to complete the same running distance, thereby prolonging loading duration and increasing the number of stress applications.

In this work, we identified the seasonal and spatial variations in fish assemblages and their relation to environmental variables in the Yangtze Estuary and adjacent waters. A total of 61 fish species in 32 families were identified over four seasons; of these, 12 species were dominant and Harpadon nehereus was the most dominant species. Fish varied in abundance, biomass, and species composition in different seasons; both biomass and abundance were highest in autumn and lowest in spring. Fish can be spatially divided into high-salinity assemblages and low-salinity assemblages. The spatial variation in fish assemblages was caused by the selectivity and adaptability of species for the environmental conditions of the estuary and the seasonal variation in fish assemblage structure likely resulted from migrations of dominant taxa associated with fish spawning and foraging behavior as well as the environment. The results of CCA analysis showed that temperature, depth, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and chlorophyll were the major factors affecting the fish assemblage differences throughout the seasons. Of these, temperature drove the seasonal variation in assemblage structure, while salinity significantly affected the spatial distribution of assemblages. This paper revealed the relationship between the seasonal and spatial distribution patterns of the fish assemblage and environmental factors and the results could provide a scientific basis for the management and sustainable utilization of fishery resources in the Yangtze Estuary and adjacent waters.

Hyperlipidemia, a chronic disorder of abnormal lipid metabolism, can induce obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. Increasing evidence indicates that phytochemicals may serve as a promising strategy for the prevention and management of hyperlipidemia and its complications. At the same time, the concept of synergistic hypolipidemic and its application in the food industry is rapidly increasing as a practical approach to preserve and improve the health-promoting effects of functional ingredients. The current review focuses on the effects of single phytochemicals on hyperlipidemia and its mechanisms. Due to the complexity of the lipid metabolism regulatory network, the synergistic regulation of different metabolic pathways or targets may be more effective than single pathways or targets in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. This review summarizes for the first time the synergistic hypolipidemic effects of different combinations of phytochemicals such as combinations of the same category of phytochemicals and combinations of different categories of phytochemicals. In addition, based on the different metabolic pathways or targets involved in synergistic effects, the possible mechanisms of synergistic hypolipidemic effects of the phytochemical combination are illustrated in this review. Hence, this review provides clues to boost more phytochemical synergistic hypolipidemic research and provides a theoretical basis for the development of phytochemicals with synergistic effects on hyperlipidemia and its complications.

BackgroundBiological invasions threaten the functioning of ecosystems, biodiversity, and human well-being by degrading ecosystem services and eliciting massive economic costs. The European Union has historically been a hub for cultural development and global trade, and thus, has extensive opportunities for the introduction and spread of alien species. While reported costs of biological invasions to some member states have been recently assessed, ongoing knowledge gaps in taxonomic and spatio-temporal data suggest that these costs were considerably underestimated.ResultsWe used the latest available cost data in InvaCost (v4.1)—the most comprehensive database on the costs of biological invasions—to assess the magnitude of this underestimation within the European Union via projections of current and future invasion costs. We used macroeconomic scaling and temporal modelling approaches to project available cost information over gaps in taxa, space, and time, thereby producing a more complete estimate for the European Union economy. We identified that only 259 out of 13,331 (~ 1%) known invasive alien species have reported costs in the European Union. Using a conservative subset of highly reliable, observed, country-level cost entries from 49 species (totalling US$4.7 billion; 2017 value), combined with the establishment data of alien species within European Union member states, we projected unreported cost data for all member states.ConclusionsOur corrected estimate of observed costs was potentially 501% higher (US$28.0 billion) than currently recorded. Using future projections of current estimates, we also identified a substantial increase in costs and costly species (US$148.2 billion) by 2040. We urge that cost reporting be improved to clarify the economic impacts of greatest concern, concomitant with coordinated international action to prevent and mitigate the impacts of invasive alien species in the European Union and globally.

This study is aimed to use shear wave elastography (SWE) to study the relationship between shear modulus and different body postures of the thoracolumbar fascia (TLF) and acquire physiologically meaningful information from the stiffness-posture graph to better quantify passive flexion responses. Seven passive postures were defined to evaluate the shear modulus of right side TLF at the third and fourth lumbar vertebra levels (L3 and L4) in twenty healthy male subjects. The TLF stiffness was significantly different among different postures (p < 0.001), and the TLF stiffness at L3 was always less than that at L4 (p < 0.001). As the forward tilt increased from 0 to 60°, the TLF stiffness increased in sitting and standing postures by 54.01% and 192.84%. In the neutral postures, the TLF stiffness in standing and sitting postures was 66.98% and 165.48% higher than that in rest posture. The above results show that the elastic properties of TLF play an important role in maintaining body static posture and that the forward tilt and sitting postures are likely to induce low back pain (LBP). In conclusion, this study provides preliminary in vivo data for the relationship between body postures and TLF stiffness.