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This article assesses airport ground access by public transport in China. Recent literature has highlighted the economic, environmental and social significance of airport ground access. Existing studies on airport ground access have predominately centred on North America and Europe and, to date, limited attempts have been made to assess the emerging Chinese market. Studies of urban and transport geography have detailed the shifting air connectivity of Chinese cities and the economic impacts, but have paid little attention to ground access to airports. We, therefore, assess the ground accessibility to major Chinese airports based on online map services. Specifically, we characterise airport ground access across entire cities, as well as comparing time and monetary costs for travelling between airports and city centres by private car and public transport. We conclude with suggestions for future research, and call for more systematic data collection related to airport ground access. 本文评估了中国机场的公共交通地面连接。近年来的文献强调机场地面接入的经济、环境和社会意义。关于机场地面接入的现有研究主要关注北美和欧洲，迄今为止，评估新兴中国市场机场连接的工作较少。对城市和交通地理的研究详细阐述了中国城市空中连通性的转变和经济影响，但很少关注机场地面连接。因此，我们根据在线地图服务评估中国主要机场的地面可达性。具体而言，我们描述了各城市整体的机场地面连接，并比较了开车和使用公共交通在机场和市中心之间旅行的时间和金钱成本。我们以对未来研究的建议作结，并呼吁更加系统地收集与机场地面连接有关的数据。

Background Abies beshanzuensis , an endemic fir native to the subtropical high mountains of eastern China, is classified as a first-class nationally protected wild plant and is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Taxonomic controversies have long persisted among A. beshanzuensis , A. ziyuanensis , and A. dayuanensis , yet studies focusing on their mitochondrial DNA remain limited. Results In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of A. beshanzuensis was assembled using a combination of Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing and Illumina short-read sequencing technologies. The mitochondrial genome is 1.06 Mb in size with a GC content of 45.97%, and consists of nine linear chromosomes and one circular chromosome. Comprehensive analyses, including genome annotation, structural comparisons, RNA editing site prediction, and phylogenetic reconstruction, were subsequently conducted. Conclusion The results provide important insights into the mitochondrial genome architecture of A. beshanzuensis , offering a valuable resource for clarifying its controversial taxonomic status and advancing the understanding of evolutionary relationships within the genus Abies .

Lack of monitoring of the in situ process signatures is one of the challenges that has been restricting the improvement of Powder-Bed-Fusion Additive Manufacturing (PBF AM). Among various process signatures, the monitoring of the geometric signatures is of high importance. This paper presents the use of vision sensing methods as a non-destructive in situ 3D measurement technique to monitor two main categories of geometric signatures: 3D surface topography and 3D contour data of the fusion area. To increase the efficiency and accuracy, an enhanced phase measuring profilometry (EPMP) is proposed to monitor the 3D surface topography of the powder bed and the fusion area reliably and rapidly. A slice model assisted contour detection method is developed to extract the contours of fusion area. The performance of the techniques is demonstrated with some selected measurements. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method can reveal irregularities caused by various defects and inspect the contour accuracy and surface quality. It holds the potential to be a powerful in situ 3D monitoring tool for manufacturing process optimization, close-loop control, and data visualization.

In this study, the carbon emissions (CEs) from cultivated land (CL) were included as an undesirable output in the utilization efficiency of such land. A slack-based model was used to calculate the CL use efficiency (CLUE) for 11 provinces and cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) from 2007 to 2016, and then a kernel density estimation map was drawn to analyze the spatiotemporal variations of CLUE. The Tobit model was also employed to analyze the factors affecting the CLUE. The results show the following. 1) In the YREB, the CEs from CL showed a rising and then a slowly decreasing trend. In this paper, we calculate CEs by carbon emission factors and major carbon sources, and the CEs from CL in the YREB totaled 25.2354 million tons in 2007. By 2014, the value had increased gradually to 28.4400 million tons, and by 2016 it had declined to 27.8922 million tons, suggesting that the carbon-emission reduction measures of the government had an impact. 2) The CLUE of various provinces and cities in the YREB showed an upward trend in the time dimension, while for the spatial dimension, the kernel density was high in the east and low in the west, and the areas with high kernel density were mainly located in the Yangtze River Delta. 3) The per capita gross domestic product, the primary industrial output, and the number of agricultural technicians per 10,000 people had positive effects on the CLUE. The CL area per capita and the electrical power per hectare for agricultural machinery had significant negative impacts on CLUE. In addition, every 1% increase in the number of agricultural technicians increased the CLUE by 0.057%.

Delineating urban and peri-urban areas has often used information from multiple sources including remote sensing images, nighttime light images, and points-of-interest (POIs). Human mobility from big geo-spatial data could also be relevant for delineating peri-urban areas but its use is not fully explored. Moreover, it is necessary to assess how individual data sources are associated with identification results. Aiming at these gaps, we apply a neural network model to integrate indicators from multi-sources including land cover maps, nighttime light imagery as well as incorporating information about human movement from taxi trips to identify peri-urban areas. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values are used as an explanation tool to assess how different data sources and indicators may be associated with delineation results. Wuhan, China is selected as a case study. Our findings highlight that socio-economic indicators, such as nighttime light intensity, have significant impacts on the identification of peri-urban areas. Spatial/physical attributes derived from land cover images and road density have relative low associations. Moreover, taxi intensity as a typical human movement dataset may complement nighttime light and POIs datasets, especially in refining boundaries between peri-urban and urban areas. Our study could inform the selection of data sources for identifying peri-urban areas, especially when facing data availability issues.

Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in increasing the risk of developing diabetic retinopathy (DR). The oxidative balance score (OBS) and the composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI) are two tools for assessing the effects of diet and lifestyle on oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between OBS, CDAI and the occurrence of DR. After controlling for potential confounders, OBS was negatively associated with DR with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.976 and a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.956–0.996, suggesting that for every unit increase in OBS, the risk of DR was reduced by 2.4%. In contrast, the relationship between OBS and CDAI was not significant (P > 0.05), suggesting that it was OBS, not CDAI, that contributed to the reduced risk of diabetic retinopathy. After adjusting for potential confounders, OBS was negatively associated with DR (OR: 0.976; 95% CI 0.956–0.996), but this association was not found in CDAI (P > 0.05), suggesting that for every one-unit increase in OBS, there was a 2.4% reduction in the risk of developing DR. This study suggests that a diet and lifestyle high in OBS reduces the risk of developing DR, which provides a rationale for nutritional interventions to prevent DR.

Purified occlusion bodies (OBs) of Mythimna (formerly Pseudaletia ) unipuncta (the true armyworm) granulovirus Hawaiian strain (MyunGV-A) were observed, showing typical GV morphological characteristics under scanning and transmission electron microscopy (EM). The genome of MyunGV-A was completely sequenced and analysed. The genome is 176,677 bp in size, with a G+C content of 39.79%. It contains 183 open reading frames (ORFs) encoding 50 or more amino acids with minimal overlap. Comparison of MyunGV-A with TnGV, XcGV, and HearGV genomes revealed extensive sequence similarity and collinearity, and the four genomes contain the same nine homologous regions ( hrs ) with conserved structures and locations. Three unique genes, 12 baculovirus repeated ORF (bro), 2 helicase, and 3 enhancin genes, were identified. In particular, two repeated genes (ORF39 and 49) are present in the genome, in reverse and complementarily orientations. Twenty-four OB proteins were identified from the putative protein database of MyunGV-A. In addition, MyunGV-A belongs to the Betabaculovirus group and is most closely related to TnGV (99% amino acid identity) according to a phylogenetic tree based on the combined amino acid sequences of 38 core gene contents.

Objective Cryptorchidism is a common congenital anomaly in children. Short video content has increased awareness and urged timely intervention, but there is a lack of understanding about the quality and reliability of these videos. This survey assesses the quality and credibility of cryptorchidism-related videos on Chinese short video platforms to ensure accurate information for caregivers and healthcare professionals. Methods We analyzed 228 videos from TikTok, Bilibili, and Kwai on 16 May 2024. Using the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) criteria, Global Quality Score (GQS), and modified DISCERN score, we evaluated the videos based on six factors: definition, risk factors, symptoms, tests, treatment, and outcome. Results Video quality varied significantly across platforms (P = .03). Medical professionals’ videos had higher JAMA scores than those by nonmedical professionals (P < .001), but no significant differences were found in GQS (P = .633) or modified DISCERN scores (P = .853). Overall, video quality was suboptimal, focusing mainly on treatment, symptoms, and prognosis, while neglecting tests and risk factors. Longer videos correlated with higher GQS (r = .34, P < .001) and modified DISCERN scores (r = .39, P < .001), while newer videos were of higher quality (GQS: r = −.19, P < .005; modified DISCERN: r = −.25, P < .001). Higher engagement (comments: r = −.16, P = .01; shares: r = −.18, P = .04) was associated with lower quality. Conclusion Overall, the videos’ quality and reliability were moderate, with professional content providing more accurate insights. This highlights the need for improved regulation of medical information on short video platforms.

Changnienia amoena is a terrestrial orchid endemic to China and holds significant ornamental and medicinal value. Understanding the current and future potential geographic distribution patterns of C. amoena under climate change is crucial for its effective conservation and sustainable development. This study uses 48 distribution records and 19 environmental variables to simulate and predict the potential distribution and spatial pattern changes of C. amoena under different future gas emission scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5) for both the 2050s and 2090s. The dominant environmental variables influencing its distribution were also identified. The MaxEnt model yielded an AUC of 0.990 and CBI of 0.959, indicating extremely high predictive accuracy. The key environmental variables influencing the distribution of C. amoena include the minimum temperature of coldest month (Bio06), annual precipitation (Bio12), isothermality (Bio03), land use classification, slope, topsoil USDA texture classification, elevation, and topsoil calcium carbonate. Among these, temperature and precipitation have relatively significant impacts on the distribution of C. amoena . Under the SSP1-2.6 scenario, the suitable habitat for C. amoena shows a slight contraction, while under the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, the suitable habitat shifts and expands significantly towards the northwest, higher latitude and altitude areas. This research has important scientific significance and practical guidance value for the in-situ conservation, ex-situ cultivation, and sustainable utilization of C. amoena .

With intense urbanization and sustained population growth, securing food produc- tion with limited land sources has increasingly become a pressing issue. Based on an analy- sis of international cereal （i.e., barley, buckwheat, maize, oats, rice, rye, sorghum, soybean, and wheat） trade and differences in yields of the cereal between export and import countries over the period of 2007 to 2011, we explore the great potential of land saving through the international cereal trade. By ＇land saving＇, we refer to the reduced global total of lands re- quired to produce a necessary amount of cereal when cereal is exported from a country with relatively large yield of the cereal to a country with relatively small yield of the cereal. Our scenario analysis suggests that international cereal trade would help mitigate the shortage of domestic arable land for many island countries （e.g., Japan） and countries in the arid Middle East and North Africa （e.g., Syria and Morocco）. Furthermore, international cereal trade has the potential to generate ＇land saving＇ of 50,092,284 ha of land per year, which is roughly the size of Spain. Drawing upon the definition of a similar concept - virtual water （Hoekstra and Hung 2002）, we define virtual land as the area of land resources used for the production of goods. Through introducing the concept of virtual land, we believe land resources that are traditionally considered as stationary resources can flow with anthropogenic socioeconomic activities. The largest virtual-land flows （〉 3,000,000 ha/year） exist between the United States （US） to China, Brazil to China, the US to Japan, the US to Mexico, and Argentina to China. However, not all virtual-land flows necessarily result in land saving. Thus, more endeavors are needed to plan the virtual-land flows for a larger land saving at the global scale.