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"Martin, Marie"
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Two-dimensional materials prospects for non-volatile spintronic memories
Non-volatile magnetic random-access memories (MRAMs), such as spin-transfer torque MRAM and next-generation spin–orbit torque MRAM, are emerging as key to enabling low-power technologies, which are expected to spread over large markets from embedded memories to the Internet of Things. Concurrently, the development and performances of devices based on two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures bring ultracompact multilayer compounds with unprecedented material-engineering capabilities. Here we provide an overview of the current developments and challenges in regard to MRAM, and then outline the opportunities that can arise by incorporating two-dimensional material technologies. We highlight the fundamental properties of atomically smooth interfaces, the reduced material intermixing, the crystal symmetries and the proximity effects as the key drivers for possible disruptive improvements for MRAM at advanced technology nodes.
Developments, challenges and opportunities in using two-dimensional materials for the next generation of non-volatile spin-based memory technologies are reviewed, and possible disruptive improvements are discussed.
Journal Article
Spin filtering by proximity effects at hybridized interfaces in spin-valves with 2D graphene barriers
We report on spin transport in state-of-the-art epitaxial monolayer graphene based 2D-magnetic tunnel junctions (2D-MTJs). In our measurements, supported by ab-initio calculations, the strength of interaction between ferromagnetic electrodes and graphene monolayers is shown to fundamentally control the resulting spin signal. In particular, by switching the graphene/ferromagnet interaction, spin transport reveals magneto-resistance signal MR > 80% in junctions with low resistance × area products. Descriptions based only on a simple K-point filtering picture (i.e. MR increase with the number of layers) are not sufficient to predict the behavior of our devices. We emphasize that hybridization effects need to be taken into account to fully grasp the spin properties (such as spin dependent density of states) when 2D materials are used as ultimately thin interfaces. While this is only a first demonstration, we thus introduce the fruitful potential of spin manipulation by proximity effect at the hybridized 2D material / ferromagnet interface for 2D-MTJs.
2D materials are foreseen as an opportunity to tailor spintronics devices interfaces, a.k.a spinterfaces. Here, using state-of-the-art large-scale integration in spin-valves, authors demonstrate that hybridization of graphene with a metallic spin source results in strong spin filtering effects.
Journal Article
Laboratory Detection of the Methoxymethyl Radical, CH3OCH2, Using Faraday Rotation and Chirped-pulse Techniques in the (Sub)millimeter Wave Range
Modeling the abundance of interstellar complex organic molecules in space is a major challenge for astrophysicists. The relative roles of gas-phase and grain-surface processes in the formation and destruction of such large molecules remain unclear. Methyl formate (CH3OCHO, MF) and dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3, DME) species have been detected at relatively high abundances in both warm and cold objects of the interstellar medium (ISM), challenging an initial hypothesis favoring grain-surface processes for their formation. In this context, the methoxymethyl radical (CH3OCH2, RDME) has been proposed as a key species linking the abundances of MF and DME in the gas phase. Its detection may provide crucial information to disentangle and quantify the different processes involved in the formation and destruction of MF and DME. To support the search for RDME in space, we present the laboratory detection of its pure rotational spectrum in the vibronic ground state. Special care was taken to measure the frequencies of transitions expected to be intense under cold interstellar conditions. In total, we assigned and fitted 1007 transitions of the RDME with N′ and Ka′ values up to 34 and 5, respectively. A reliable spectral catalog has been generated using the spectroscopic parameters derived from the fit and can be used confidently for future searches of the RDME radical in the ISM.
Journal Article
The House of Worth 1858-1954 : the birth of haute couture
\"Charles Frederick Worth built the most prominent, innovative, and successful fashion house of the century. He was inspired by a love of fine art, luxurious fabrics, and his vision of the female ideal, and was the first to dictate new styles and silhouettes to his elite clientele. He hosted them in his Rue de la Paix salons, which included groundbreaking sportswear and maternity departments, as well as silk, velvet, and brocade rooms, and a special salon with closed shutters and gas lighting designed to allow clients to try on ball gowns in lighting conditions precisely matched to those of the event at which they would be worn.\"--Publisher's description.
Book
Translational AI and Deep Learning in Diagnostic Pathology
There has been an exponential growth in the application of AI in health and in pathology. This is resulting in the innovation of deep learning technologies that are specifically aimed at cellular imaging and practical applications that could transform diagnostic pathology. This paper reviews the different approaches to deep learning in pathology, the public grand challenges that have driven this innovation and a range of emerging applications in pathology. The translation of AI into clinical practice will require applications to be embedded seamlessly within digital pathology workflows, driving an integrated approach to diagnostics and providing pathologists with new tools that accelerate workflow and improve diagnostic consistency and reduce errors. The clearance of digital pathology for primary diagnosis in the US by some manufacturers provides the platform on which to deliver practical AI. AI and computational pathology will continue to mature as researchers, clinicians, industry, regulatory organizations and patient advocacy groups work together to innovate and deliver new technologies to health care providers: technologies which are better, faster, cheaper, more precise, and safe.
Journal Article
أطلس العولمة : كيف نفهم الفضاء العالمي المعاصر
يأتي هذا الأطلس الذي يمثل أداة عمل أساسية قام بإعداده اثنان من رسامي الخرائط وعالمة جغرافيا وخبيران في العلوم السياسية وهو ثمرة عمل جماعي حول موضوع الفضاء العالمي المعاصر الذي يعتبر واحدا من الدروس الرائدة في معهد العلوم السياسية وقد أفرد مساحة واسعة لهذه المسائل يندرج في إطار التجدد العميق للتحليلات الدولية ويعبر بدقة عما يميز المقاربة الفرنسية للعلاقات الدولية وإن هذه المقاربة التي هي اجتماعية أكثر مما كونها سياسية بالشكل المباشر والمنفتحة على تعدد الفاعلين وعلى أكثر العنف الاجتماعي والنزاعات والمفضلة لكافة أشكال التضامن والتكامل على حساب الصراع الكلاسيكي والسلطة السياسية التي ليست في أحسن أحوالها وهذه المقاربة تجد نفسها بعمق في إطار نظرة للفضاء تتمايز عن الجغرافيا السياسية التقليدية وكذلك عن المطابقة لمفهوم الأرض الكلاسيكي ومن الواضح أن هذا الإطار الجديد يفرض تحولا فكريا وعلميا وتربويا ولذا لابد من بذل جهد لتخطي العلاقات الدولية القديمة وبالتالي لا يتوقف عند العلاقات بين الدول والأمم فقط بل تبرز دور المجتمعات والفاعلين الاجتماعيين والقضايا المجتمعية والأفراد الذين يشاركون بقوة.
BOOK
Highly efficient spin transport in epitaxial graphene on SiC
Spin information processing is a possible new paradigm for post-CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) electronics and efficient spin propagation over long distances is fundamental to this vision. However, despite several decades of intense research, a suitable platform is still wanting. We report here on highly efficient spin transport in two-terminal polarizer/analyser devices based on high-mobility epitaxial graphene grown on silicon carbide. Taking advantage of high-impedance injecting/detecting tunnel junctions, we show spin transport efficiencies up to 75%, spin signals in the mega-ohm range and spin diffusion lengths exceeding 100 μm. This enables spintronics in complex structures: devices and network architectures relying on spin information processing, well beyond present spintronics applications, can now be foreseen.
A demonstration of the ability to transmit spin currents over distances of more than one hundred micrometres with an efficiency of up to 75% in graphene grown epitaxially on silicon carbide improves the prospects of graphene-based spintronic devices.
Journal Article