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Structure–activity relationships built on descriptors of bulk and bulk-terminated surfaces are the basis for the rational design of electrocatalysts. However, electrochemically driven surface transformations complicate the identification of such descriptors. Here we demonstrate how the as-prepared surface composition of (001)-terminated LaNiO 3 epitaxial thin films dictates the surface transformation and the electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction. Specifically, the Ni termination (in the as-prepared state) is considerably more active than the La termination, with overpotential differences of up to 150 mV. A combined electrochemical, spectroscopic and density-functional theory investigation suggests that this activity trend originates from a thermodynamically stable, disordered NiO 2 surface layer that forms during the operation of Ni-terminated surfaces, which is kinetically inaccessible when starting with a La termination. Our work thus demonstrates the tunability of surface transformation pathways by modifying a single atomic layer at the surface and that active surface phases only develop for select as-synthesized surface terminations. Structure–activity relationships built on descriptors of surfaces can help to design electrocatalysts, but their identification for electrochemically driven surface transformations is challenging. The composition of LaNiO 3 thin film surfaces can now dictate surface transformation and activity of the oxygen evolution reaction.

Structure–activity relationships built on descriptors of bulk and bulk-terminated surfaces are the basis for the rational design of electrocatalysts. However, electrochemically driven surface transformations complicate the identification of such descriptors. In this work, we demonstrate how the as-prepared surface composition of (001)-terminated LaNiO3 epitaxial thin films dictates the surface transformation and the electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction. Specifically, the Ni termination (in the as-prepared state) is considerably more active than the La termination, with overpotential differences of up to 150 mV. A combined electrochemical, spectroscopic and density-functional theory investigation suggests that this activity trend originates from a thermodynamically stable, disordered NiO2 surface layer that forms during the operation of Ni-terminated surfaces, which is kinetically inaccessible when starting with a La termination. Our work thus demonstrates the tunability of surface transformation pathways by modifying a single atomic layer at the surface and that active surface phases only develop for select as-synthesized surface terminations.

AgF2 has been proposed as a cuprate analogue which requires strong correlation and marked covalence. On the other hand, fluorides are usually quite ionic and 4d transition metals tend to be less correlated than their 3d counterparts, which calls for further scrutiny. We combine valence band photoemission and Auger-Meitner spectroscopy of AgF and AgF2 together with computations in small clusters to estimate values of the Ag 4d Coulomb interaction U 4d and charge-transfer energy. Based on these values, AgF2 can be classified as a charge-transfer correlated insulator according to the Zaanen-Sawatzky-Allen classification scheme. Thus, we confirm that the material is a cuprate analogue from the point of view of correlations, suggesting that it should become a high-temperature superconductor if metallization is achieved by doping. We present also a computation of the Hubbard U in density functional \"+U\" methods and discuss its relation to the Hubbard U in spectroscopies.

Structure-activity relationships built on descriptors of bulk and bulk-terminated surfaces are the basis for the rational design of electrocatalysts. However, electrochemically driven surface transformations complicate the identification of such descriptors. Here we demonstrate how the as-prepared surface composition of (001)-terminated LaNiO epitaxial thin films dictates the surface transformation and the electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction. Specifically, the Ni termination (in the as-prepared state) is considerably more active than the La termination, with overpotential differences of up to 150 mV. A combined electrochemical, spectroscopic and density-functional theory investigation suggests that this activity trend originates from a thermodynamically stable, disordered NiO surface layer that forms during the operation of Ni-terminated surfaces, which is kinetically inaccessible when starting with a La termination. Our work thus demonstrates the tunability of surface transformation pathways by modifying a single atomic layer at the surface and that active surface phases only develop for select as-synthesized surface terminations.

Grain yield of irrigated rice is a complex character resulting from the expression and association of different components, which should be considered by the breeder for an efficient process of selection of new genotypes. In this sense, the objective is to highlight the phenotypic correlations and the direct and indirect associations of the main components related to crop yield via path analysis. The experiment was carried out in an experimental field of the Lowlands Station of Embrapa Clima Temperado using six genotypes of irrigated rice: the cultivars BRS Pampa, BRS IRGA 409, BRS 7 'Taim', BRS Sinuelo CL, BRS Pampeira and AB 10101 CL. The agronomic characters evaluated were grain yield, days to flowering, panicle length, panicle mass, number of fertile spikelets, number of sterile spikelets, number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per square meter, and mass of one thousand grains. The number of fertile spikelets, number of panicles per square meter, panicle mass and mass of one thousand grains influenced grain yield, both through phenotypic correlation and direct effects. In addition, there was a high direct linear tendency of these variables towards yield. Panicle length and number of sterile spikelets showed a potential of use in the indirect selection for grain yield.

Sella turcica is an intracranial bone depression located in the sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland, which is an important gland in the secretion of various hormones. Literature review: Variations in the morphology of the sella turcica can alter the morphology of the pituitary, which can lead to changes in hormone secretion and dental anomalies. There are studies that evaluate the sella turcica using metric methods and other studies that evaluate them with non-metric methods. Researchers use lateral radiographs and/or computed tomography to visualize the sella turcica. The purpose of this brief review was to revise the methods used to study sella turcica morphology in dental research. The literature search for sella turcica morphology was carried out with the following key words (sella turcica, bridging of sella, size, shape of sella turcica and sella turcica morphology) and using the search engines (Pubmed and Google scholar). According to the research, three methods of analyzing the sella turcica were observed, according to the measurements (length, width, diameter, area, depht, sella height posterior, sella height anterior), degree of calcification (class I / type I / group I, class II / type II / group II, class III / type III / group III) and format (normal sella turcica, sella turcica bridge type A – ribbon-like fusion, sella turcica bridge type B – extension of the clinoid processes, incomplete bridge, hypertrophic posterior clinoid process, hypotrophic posterior clinoid process, irregularity in the posterior part of the sella turcica, pyramidal shape of the dorsum sella, double contour of the floor, oblique anterior wall, oblique contour of the floor) of the sella turcica. Conclusion: It is expected that the three methods exposed in this review will help dental researchers to analyze sella turcica.

O autocuidado em saúde bucal dos preparadores de alimentos/merendeiras pode ser considerado um fator de grande importância para garantir a saúde bucal das crianças que consomem os alimentos por eles preparados. É de suma importância que esses profissionais, que atuam na instituição escolar, estejam capacitados e atentos à adoção de práticas de higiene bucal, evitando a proliferação de doenças bucais. Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o conhecimento sobre saúde bucal e sua relação com a transmissibilidade de doenças dos preparadores de alimentos/ merendeiras de escolas de Curitiba (PR), observando se suas ações trazem maior possibilidade de causar danos à saúde bucal das crianças das escolas/creches da cidade. Material e métodos: Da amostra, constaram 60 merendeiras, as quais responderam a questionários durante seu período normal de trabalho. A maior parte das merendeiras (68% da amostra) afirmou não ter o conhecimento sobre como evitar a doença cárie, reforçando a necessidade de educação em saúde bucal. Na questão da transmissibilidade da doença cárie e demais doenças bucais para as crianças, 72% delas alegaram que não podem transmitir nem/ou influenciar na doença cárie, evidenciando a falta de informação sobre o processo de transmissibilidade das doenças bucais. A questão do autocuidado em saúde bucal se torna fundamental para um programa preventivo em saúde. Resultados: Do total, 95% das merendeiras relataram nunca ter participado de reuniões organizadas pela escola/creche abordando o tema saúde bucal, uma vez que essas reuniões nunca ocorreram. Percebeu-se claramente que há falta de informação no sistema de ensino em geral. Quanto à necessidade de tratamento odontológico, 65% disseram precisar de tratamento. Essa informação reforça a importância do autocuidado de saúde bucal, mesmo quando esses profissionais não relatam um real impedimento em buscar atendimento odontológico. Conclusão: Quando bem informadas sobre o assunto de educação em saúde bucal, as merendeiras podem desenvolver atividades preventivas que buscam alcançar os conhecimentos, as atitudes e as práticas desejáveis.