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Results from recent field studies in Antarctic sea ice show no clear differences in dissolved iron (dFe) concentrations between pack ice sampled in East Antarctica (2.6–20.5 nmol/L), in the Weddell Sea (0.7–36.8 nmol/L), and in the Bellingshausen Sea (1.1–30.2 nmol/L). Dissolved Fe concentrations were also similar in land‐fast ice collected in East Antarctica (0.7–4.3 nmol/L) and in the Ross Sea (1.1–6.0 nmol/L). In contrast, we observed a remarkable seasonal drawdown of dFe in sea ice for all reported studies. Furthermore, large inter‐annual variations in depth‐averaged dFe and organic matter concentrations were observed in sea ice collected in the East Antarctic sector between expeditions in late austral winter‐spring of 2003 and 2007. Variability in the water column productivity and in the magnitude of the “new” Fe supply (e.g., upwelling, resuspended shelf sediments) at the time of sea ice formation could explain such differences.

Aim To assess nurses’ ability to observe newborn behaviour after in situ training provided by caregivers with advanced practice certification in the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP). Design Prospective observational study. Methods Twelve nurses viewed 20‐min films showing the behaviour of 10 premature newborns before, during and after the usual caregiving. The behaviour was rated on an observation sheet with 88 items distributed into six systems. The responses were compared to the reference ratings established by two professionals certified for this programme. Results Despite less accurate observations during care and for some components, the nurses generally showed a satisfactory ability to observe newborn behaviour after training by NIDCAP expert professionals. The dissemination of observation skills among caregivers may result in an improved quality of patient care and better communication among professionals in a department of neonatology.

Background The nutritional care provided to moderately premature babies is poorly studied. For a large cohort of such babies, we aimed to describe: nutrition practice intentions, comparison of the intended with the actual practice, compliance of actual practice to current nutrition guidelines, and postnatal growth. Methods A questionnaire was sent out to 29 neonatal intensive care units in France, in order to address practice intentions. In the same units, retrospective patient’s data were collected to assess actual practice, compliance to nutrition guidelines and infant postnatal growth. The cumulative nutritional deficit during the two first weeks of life was calculated and variables associated with ΔZ-score for weight at 36 weeks postconceptional age/discharge (ΔZ-score w 36PCA/DC) were analysed by multivariate linear regression. Results 276 infants born 30 to 33 weeks of gestation were studied. Among them, 76 % received parenteral nutrition on central venous line after birth. On day of life 1 (DOL1), 93 % of infants had parenteral amino acids (AA), at an intake ≥ 1.5 g/kg in 27 % of cases. Lipids were started at ≤ DOL2 in 47 % of infants. There was a divergence between the intended and the actual practice for both AA and lipids intake. The AA and energy cumulative deficit (DOL1 to DOL14) were respectively 10.9 ± 8.3 g/kg and 483 ± 181 kcal/kg. Weight Z-score (mean ± SD) significantly decreased from birth (−0.17 ± 0.88) to 36 weeks PCA/DC (−1.00 ± 0.82) (p < 0.0001), and the extra-uterine growth retardation (EUGR) rate at 36 weeks PCA/DC was 24.2 %. Independent variables associated with ΔZ-score w 36PCA/DC were AA cumulative intake and DOL of full enteral feeding. Conclusions Nutrition intake was not in compliance with recommendations, and the rate of EUGR was considerable in this cohort. Efforts are needed to improve adherence to nutrition guidelines and growth outcome of moderately preterm infants.

Background Neonatal pain assessment generally requires access to facial expression. Improved neonatology practices, such as greater protection against bright lights and non-invasive mask ventilation, have made facial observation more difficult. Objective To validate a ‘faceless’ acute neonatal pain scale (FANS), which does not depend on facial expression. Methods In a prospective, multicentre study, 24–40-week-old neonates were videotaped during a painful procedure (heel prick). Three investigators then scored the pain using FANS and a previously validated scale: DAN (Douleur aiguë du Nouveau-né). FANS is based on assessment of limb movement, cry and autonomic reaction. Reliability was assessed by inter-rater agreement and internal consistency (Cronbach's α). Validity was evaluated by agreement between scales (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)). The Wilcoxon test evaluated the FANS score differences between conditions. Results are expressed as medians (25th and 75th percentiles). Ranges are presented for outcome parameters. Results From April 2006 to September 2007, 53 preterms of 32 (30–35) gestational weeks and 1500 (1000–2200) g were observed. Cronbach's α was 0.72. The ICC was 0.92 (0.9–0.98) for inter-rater agreement and 0.88 (0.76–0.93) for agreement between scales. Conclusion FANS, which is reliable and valid, is the first scale to score pain in preterm newborns when facial expression is not accessible.

South Africa is among the countries with the highest prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG). In 2017, there were an estimated 6 million new CT, 4.5 million NG and 71 000 Treponema pallidum infections among South African men and women of reproductive age. We evaluated STI prevalence and incidence and associated risk factors in 162 women aged 18-33 years old, residing in eThekwini and Tshwane, South Africa who were part of the Evidence for Contraceptive Options and HIV Outcomes (ECHO) trial. Women were randomised to use depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (n = 53), copper intrauterine device (n = 51), or levonorgestrel (n = 58) implant. Lateral vaginal wall swab samples were collected prior to contraceptive initiation and at months one and three following contraceptive initiation for STI testing. There were no significant differences in STI incidence and prevalence across contraceptive groups. At baseline, 40% had active STIs (CT, NG, Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) or herpes simplex virus-2 shedding across all age groups- 18-21 years (46%), 22-25 years (42%) and 26-33 years (29%). The incidence of STIs during follow-up was exceptionally high (107.9/100 women-years [wy]), with younger women (18-21 years) more likely to acquire CT (75.9/100 wy) compared to 26-33 year olds (17.4/100 wy; p = 0.049). TV incidence was higher in the 26-33 year old group (82.7/100 wy) compared to the 18-21 year olds (8.4/100 wy; p = 0.01). Although the study participants received extensive counselling on the importance of condom use, this study highlights the high prevalence and incidence of STIs in South African women, especially amongst young women, emphasising the need for better STI screening and management strategies.

Background Severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) caused by a human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are a leading cause of hospitalisation among infants. We aimed to estimate the incidence of RSV SARI across neighbourhoods in the Lyon metropolitan area and to assess how urban environmental factors at the metropolitan scale are associated with spatial variation in incidence. Methods Laboratory-confirmed cases of RSV SARI (< 2 years of age) were extracted from the university hospitals of Lyon laboratory database 2015–2023. We calculated and mapped the incidence to assess spatial variation. Remote sensing data were used to derive spectral indices characterising the metropolitan area and to model temperature and air humidity at this scale. Temporal and spatial regression models were fitted using variables selected based on prior knowledge and data availability. Results Cumulative incidence varied significantly across neighbourhoods (0 to 1166 cases per 100,000 people at risk; p -value < 0.001). The best spatial multivariate model (r 2  = 0.39, Akaike information criterion (AIC) = 6103), explained a substantial portion of this variation, and included neighbourhood median income that was negatively associated with incidence; and neighbourhood winter temperature as well as particulate matter < 10 µm pollution, both positively associated with incidence. Additionally, urban index (UI) and normalised difference moisture index (NDMI) demonstrated strong ( p -value < 0.001) univariate associations (UI: r 2  = 0.23, AIC = 6216; NDMI: r 2  = 0.21, AIC = 6229), accounting for a significant portion of the incidence variation. Conclusions Substantial neighbourhood-level differences in RSV SARI incidence exist in a large European metropolis. These differences are associated with the urban environment such as particulate pollution. The use of spectral indices shows promise in identifying vulnerable populations within cities to guide public health measures and to integrate public health and urban planning.

Background Infliximab (IFX) is a chimeric immunoglobulin G‐1κ monoclonal antibody that neutralises the biologic activity of tumour necrosis factor‐α, and has shown efficacy (off‐label) for the treatment of severe hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). The relationship between clinical response and IFX pharmacokinetics (PK) in HS is currently unknown. Objectives To investigate the relationship between the trough serum concentration of IFX (TSI) and the clinical response to IFX in moderate‐to‐severe HS between 12th and 24th week (W12–W24) after IFX treatment onset. Methods We conducted a retrospective, monocentric study in a French dermatology tertiary care centre (Saint‐Louis hospital, Paris) between January 2013 and January 2022. Adult patients treated with IFX for moderate‐to‐severe HS were included if (i) they had at least one IFX serum dosage during follow‐up, and (ii) they had a measurable Hidradenitis Suppurativa Clinical Response (HiSCR) score between the 12th and 24th week (W12–W24). Patients received IFX infusions every 4, 6 or 8 weeks at 5, 7.5 or 10 mg/kg of body weight dosages. Results Twenty‐two patients (48.9%; median age: 36 [31–43] years; 7 [31.8%] female) who had at least one IFX serum dosage between W12–W24 were enroled. The median TSI between W12 and W24 was significantly higher in the responding group compared to the nonresponding group of patients: 14.8 (12.1–15.7) versus 1.6 (0.8–3.5) µg/mL, respectively (p = 0.01). Using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis curve, a TSI threshold of 7 µg/mL at W12–W24 showed sensitivity and specificity of 0.75 and 0.94, respectively. Conclusions This study supports some degree of correlation between clinical response and TSI in HS, and paves the way for prospective studies investigating correlations between PK, immunogenicity and clinical response in severe HS patients receiving IFX.

Neglecting oral hygiene in adolescents negatively affects dental caries and periodontal diseases, in addition to social and emotional well-being. Thus, the TikTok platform (ByteDance, Beijing, China)as a social media could be a powerful channel to provide health-related information and educational content. This study aims to assess the quality of the TikTok videos corresponding to #oralhealtheducation. Sixty-nine videos were identified. Three oral health professionals (OHP), three health education professionals (HEP), and ten of TikTok’s target audience watched and evaluated the videos from a qualitative questionnaire. OHP detected false or incorrect information in 11.6% (8/69) of the videos. At least two HEPs reported being unable to detect this type of content or whether the video met dental ethics standards in both the videos. Disagreement was observed among the professionals themselves. The evaluation indicated that TikTok’s target audience was satisfied with the products viewed with an average score of >2.5, unlike the professionals, whose average score was <2.5 on a scale of 0 to 5. Users are advised to think critically and to consider the content of TikTok oral health videos with caution. The involvement of health professionals in the writing and validation of the videos could be an added value to positively respond to the needs of the adolescents.

Correction de l'auteur publié dans volume 11, numéro de l'article 22912 (2021), nov. 19, 2021. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02484-9