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"Meerts, Paul"
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Banning the bang or the bomb? : negotiating the nuclear test ban regime
\"The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), negotiated between 1994 and 1996, is the latest development in the nuclear arms control regime. It continues to serve a vital role in preserving the privileged status of the nuclear weapons states and barring the way to proliferation. Banning the Bang or the Bomb? brings together a team of leading international experts who together analyse its negotiation as a model of regime creation, examining collective dynamics, the behaviour of individual countries, and the nature of specific issues. The book offers practical guidance and training for members of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization future inspectorate to help negotiate their way during an on-site inspection (OSI) in an inspected state. This is a valuable resource for researchers and professionals alike that turns an analysis of what has happened into a manual for what is about to happen\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Boundaries in Bargaining: A Multidimensional View
Boundaries have positive and negative effects on international negotiation processes. This article states that the positive side of boundaries has often been neglected and that limitations are absolutely vital for effective international bargaining processes. Without restrictions, negotiation processes lose their significance as a tool in inter state and inter organisational policy making and conflict resolution. The article briefly analyses six boundaries that help international negotiation processes reach the stage of an internationally acceptable agreement: geography, systems, needs, resources, regulators, and time.
Journal Article
The European Union as a process of negotiation
As the case for the twenty first century the European Union has been selected to demonstrate the connectedness between negotiation and organization. The European Union as a mode of European Unification is a good example of an international actor channelling negotiation processes in an optimal way. The European Union is, compared to other collective international actors, a strong transnational organization with international and supranational features. This strength has an impact on the negotiation process and its closure. It is special in the sense of having a strong legal system with the European Court with powers to enforce compliance on the Member States. It's institutions have their own role to play and cannot be ignored. The architecture of the Union consists of a wide range of actors, issues and thereby processes, having consequences for the EU citizens, their governments and those of other countries in Europe and the world. This chapter analyzes the character and characteristics of some of the key internal and external negotiation processes of the EU, as they have been influenced by the strength of the organization.
Journal Article
Entrapment in International Negotiations
IntroductionEntrapment is drowning in a swamp: the more we move, the more the swamp drags us down. It is playing roulette: the more we lose, the more we want to compensate our losses. We can be emotionally tied to a negative development. Rationally speaking we should stop, but we do not want to lose face or the resources already invested in the process, so instead we continue, running the risk of eventually losing much more than if we had cut our losses at an early stage. According to prospect theory (Kahneman and Tversky 1979), people are much more willing to take risks in order to prevent losses than to gain profits. Positive prospects generate risk avoidance; negative prospects induce risk taking if and only if one of the parties has already invested substantially and is in the process of risking the loss of those investments.Escalation is a mark of conflict's dynamics, as is entrapment. Like escalation, entrapment is an increase in a conflict situation. However, in entrapment, the balance will be lost: one party is getting a stronger grip on the other party, which is losing its grip. In many cases it is the stronger party that sees its alternatives diminish, often through its own actions. This is due both to the reactions of the weaker party and to the specific landscape in which the entrapment situation develops.
Book Chapter
Genetic structure and mating systems of metallicolous and nonmetallicolous populations of Thlaspi caerulescens
# Genetic variation structure and breeding system were investigated in metallicolous (MET) and nonmetallicolous (NONMET) populations of the heavy-metal hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens from Belgium, Luxembourg and the French Mediterranean region. # • Allozyme variation showed a clear differentiation between the two ecotypes in Belgium and Luxembourg but not in southern France, in line with the lower degree of geographical isolation between the two ecotypes in this region. # • In both regions inbreeding coefficient (FIS) of NONMET populations was significantly higher compared to MET populations. Pollen/Ovule ratios were significantly higher in MET compared with NONMET populations. # • These results suggest that NONMET populations of T. caerulescens are more self-fertile than their MET counterparts. This contrasts with earlier studies on other metal-tolerant species in which selfing rates were higher in MET populations. This pattern may be explained by the fact that both ecotypes are not in sympatry in the populations studied, and therefore reproductive isolation has not been selected to maintain the adaptations to metal-contaminated soils. In addition, higher selfing rates in NONMET populations may have evolved as a mechanism of reproductive assurance, because these populations generally are at low densities.
Journal Article