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\"Often considered peculiarly American, lynching in fact takes place around the world. In the first book of a two-volume study, Michael J. Pfeifer collects essays that look at lynching and related forms of collective violence in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. Understanding lynching as a transnational phenomenon rooted in political and cultural flux, the writers probe important issues from Indonesia--where a long history of public violence now twines with the Internet--to South Africa, with its history of vigilante necklacing. Other scholars examine lynching in medieval Nepal, the epidemic of summary executions in late Qing-era China, state-sponsored collective violence during the Nanking Massacre, and the ways public anger and lynching in India relate to identity, autonomy, and territory. Contributors: Laurens Bakker, Shaiel Ben-Ephraim, Nandana Dutta, Weiting Guo, Or Honig, Frank Jacob, Michael J. Pfeifer, Yogesh Raj, and Nicholas Rush Smith.\"--Page 4 of cover.

In this deeply researched prequel to his 2006 study Rough Justice: Lynching and American Society, 1874-1947, Michael J. Pfeifer analyzes the foundations of lynching in American social history. Scrutinizing the vigilante movements and lynching violence that occurred in the middle decades of the nineteenth century on the Southern, Midwestern, and far Western frontiers, The Roots of Rough Justice: Origins of American Lynching offers new insights into collective violence in the pre-Civil War era. _x000B__x000B_Pfeifer examines the antecedents of American lynching in an early modern Anglo-European folk and legal heritage. He addresses the transformation of ideas and practices of social ordering, law, and collective violence in the American colonies, the early American Republic, and especially the decades before and immediately after the American Civil War. His trenchant and concise analysis anchors the first book to consider the crucial emergence of the practice of lynching slaves in antebellum America. Pfeifer also leads the way in analyzing the history of American lynching in a global context, from the early modern British Atlantic to the legal status of collective violence in contemporary Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa. _x000B__x000B_Seamlessly melding source material with apt historical examples, The Roots of Rough Justice tackles the emergence not only of the rhetoric surrounding lynching, but of its practice and ideology. Arguing that the origins of lynching cannot be restricted to any particular region, Pfeifer shows how the national and transatlantic context is essential for understanding how whites used mob violence to enforce the racial and class hierarchies across the United States.

The role of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in severe COVID-19 remains a matter of debate. Therefore, the utilization and outcome of NIV in COVID-19 in an unbiased cohort was determined. The aim was to provide a detailed account of hospitalized COVID-19 patients requiring non-invasive ventilation during their hospital stay. Furthermore, differences of patients treated with NIV between the first and second wave are explored. Confirmed COVID-19 cases of claims data of the Local Health Care Funds with non-invasive and/or invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) in the spring and autumn pandemic period in 2020 were comparable analysed. Nationwide cohort of 17.023 cases (median/IQR age 71/61-80 years, 64% male) 7235 (42.5%) patients primarily received IMV without NIV, 4469 (26.3%) patients received NIV without subsequent intubation, and 3472 (20.4%) patients had NIV failure (NIV-F), defined by subsequent endotracheal intubation. The proportion of patients who received invasive MV decreased from 75% to 37% during the second period. Accordingly, the proportion of patients with NIV exclusively increased from 9% to 30%, and those failing NIV increased from 9% to 23%. Median length of hospital stay decreased from 26 to 21 days, and duration of MV decreased from 11.9 to 7.3 days. The NIV failure rate decreased from 49% to 43%. Overall mortality increased from 51% versus 54%. Mortality was 44% with NIV-only, 54% with IMV and 66% with NIV-F with mortality rates steadily increasing from 62% in early NIV-F (day 1) to 72% in late NIV-F (>4 days). Utilization of NIV rapidly increased during the autumn period, which was associated with a reduced duration of MV, but not with overall mortality. High NIV-F rates are associated with increased mortality, particularly in late NIV-F.

This study of pooled data from trials of oral vitamin D supplementation examined the incidence of hip and nonvertebral fractures in persons 65 years of age or older. The data suggest that high-dose vitamin D may help prevent hip and nonvertebral fractures. Approximately 75% of fractures occur in people 65 years of age or older. 1 By 2050, the worldwide incidence of hip fractures is expected to increase by 240% among women and 310% among men. 2 One strategy to prevent fractures in this population might be universal vitamin D supplementation. However, the results of several study level meta-analyses and one pooled participant-level analysis do not agree. Although one trial-level meta-analysis of double-blind, randomized, controlled trials suggested an 18% reduction in the incidence of hip fracture and a 20% reduction in the incidence of any nonvertebral fracture at a received dose of no less . . .

In recent decades, scholars have explored much of the history of mob violence in the American South, especially in the years after Reconstruction. However, the lynching violence that occurred in American regions outside the South, where hundreds of persons, including Hispanics, whites, African Americans, Native Americans, and Asian Americans died at the hands of lynch mobs, has received less attention. This collection of essays by prominent and rising scholars fills this gap by illuminating the factors that distinguished lynching in the West, the Midwest, and the Mid-Atlantic. The volume adds to a more comprehensive history of American lynching and will be of interest to all readers interested in the history of violence across the varied regions of the United States. Contributors are Jack S. Blocker Jr., Brent M. S. Campney, William D. Carrigan, Sundiata Keita Cha-Jua, Dennis B. Downey, Larry R. Gerlach, Kimberley Mangun, Helen McLure, Michael J. Pfeifer, Christopher Waldrep, Clive Webb, and Dena Lynn Winslow.

[...]a significant number of lynchings of Native Americans occurred in the middle decades of the nineteenth century, as white settlers moved into areas of the developing Midwest and West and clashed with Native American communities, antedating the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-centuries’ chronological focus of data collected by anti-lynching activists and the scholars who have built their studies upon such data. 5 Native Americans also fell out and still fall out of the picture due to yet other aspects of their liminal status that, ironically, also sometimes made them target of mobs of Indian-hating white settlers: subject to Anglo-American military conquest but separated and ostensibly protected from white settlers, at times not subject to territorial and state laws, wards of the federal government, and members of sovereign Native nations and participants in Native legal cultures. 6 While anti-Indian collective violence often took the form of state-sponsored warfare and massacre by the U.S. army, white settlers’ anti-Indian animus sometimes cascaded into genocidal massacre but sometimes also took the form of lynching, collective murder perpetrated by white settlers targeting individual Natives. 7 In short, while the lynching of Natives often occurred in contexts involving confusion or complexity of legal jurisdiction, the continuing dearth of scholarship on anti-Native mob violence stems from how anti-Indian violence has confused and confounded categories of geography, race, and even the very definitions of particular varieties of collective violence (for instance the difference between a massacre and a lynching) that have long bounded scholarship on American lynching. The extensive documentation of the case flowed from the ultimately successful federal prosecution of a number of the lynchers for crimes they committed in kidnapping the Natives in Indian Territory and removing them to Oklahoma Territory for the mob execution. [...]here the unique legal status of Natives—and the strong political interest in Congress in prosecuting the case in order to smooth the allotment of tribal lands and the absorption of the Indian Territory into Oklahoma Territory—created a federal interest in a lynching case that was almost unheard of in contemporaneous lynchings of African Americans. 10 Yet the lynchers at Maud sought vindication and white communal support in Oklahoma Territory by instead seeking to represent their actions as those of a mass mob, most significantly by inventing an allegation that Mary Leard had been raped by her Native assailant(s) before she was murdered and also by circulating news for days of an impending burning of Natives to attract white participants from the surrounding region to the lynching. [...]the Oklahoma Territory lynchers of Natives consciously imitated Southern lynchers of African Americans and sought to deploy arguments white Southerners often used to defend the actions of mass mobs; indeed one of the ringleaders in the lynching, Samuel V. Pryor, an extended kinsman of the murdered woman, argued that he had expertise in lynching African Americans, as he had supposedly participated in the lynching by immolation of an African American in Texas. 11 Assessing the field of lynching studies some twenty-five years after Brundage’s Lynching in the New South and twenty-two years after the publication of Seminole Burning, Littlefield’s book remains the most significant monograph on the lynching of Native Americans. Beyond his deeply etched reconstruction of the racially motivated mob murders of the young Seminole men, Littlefield’s strong familiarity with both Native and American legal cultures and sources enabled him to deftly interpret the legal ambiguities and the complex texture of Native-white relations on the periphery of Indian Territory that informed the mob murders of McGeisey and Sampson.

American lynching scholarship has developed significantly in recent decades. Southern historians in the last decades of the twentieth century effectively rediscovered lynching violence, excavating its nexus with race, gender, sexuality, and social class in the Jim Crow era. In the early years of the twenty-first century, historians broadened analysis of American mob violence to encompass regions beyond the South and eras before the late nineteenth century and to incorporate the diverse victims of American racial prejudice as well as the relation between lynching, law, and culture. Yet weaknesses persist in the field. Here, Pfeifer argues that scholars might best focus their efforts by keeping the experiences and responses of the victims of racially motivated mob violence at the fore. Among matters in need of attention are the legacies of lynching, collective killing in and outside the South before 1880, compiling a national database that spans eras, and studying American lynching and mob violence in other cultures in comparative, transnational, and global perspectives.

Central sleep apnea is common among patients who have heart failure and increases the risk of death in this setting. In the Canadian Continuous Positive Airway Pressure trial, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy administered to patients with heart failure was found to reduce the severity of central sleep apnea and increase the left ventricular ejection fraction, but did not improve survival. Continuous positive airway pressure therapy administered to patients with heart failure was found to reduce the severity of central sleep apnea and increase the left ventricular ejection fraction but did not improve survival. Central sleep apnea, which is present in approximately 25 to 40 percent of patients with chronic heart failure, 1 – 3 results from cyclic hyperventilation and falls in the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide below the apnea threshold. 4 The condition affects cardiovascular function adversely by causing tissue hypoxia, arousals from sleep, and activation of the sympathetic nervous system, and it independently increases the risk of death. 1 , 5 , 6 In short-term, single-center randomized trials lasting one to three months involving small numbers of patients who had central sleep apnea and chronic heart failure, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) attenuated the central sleep . . .

Background Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) comprise a heterogeneous group of mainly chronic lung diseases with different disease trajectories. Progression (PF-ILD) occurs in up to 50% of patients and is associated with increased mortality. Methods The EXCITING-ILD (Exploring Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of Interstitial Lung Diseases) registry was analysed for disease trajectories in different ILD. The course of disease was classified as significant (absolute forced vital capacity FVC decline > 10%) or moderate progression (FVC decline 5–10%), stable disease (FVC decline or increase < 5%) or improvement (FVC increase ≥ 5%) during time in registry. A second definition for PF-ILD included absolute decline in FVC % predicted ≥ 10% within 24 months or ≥ 1 respiratory-related hospitalisation. Risk factors for progression were determined by Cox proportional-hazard models and by logistic regression with forward selection. Kaplan-Meier curves were utilised to estimate survival time and time to progression. Results Within the EXCITING-ILD registry 28.5% of the patients died (n = 171), mainly due to ILD (n = 71, 41.5%). Median survival time from date of diagnosis on was 15.5 years (range 0.1 to 34.4 years). From 601 included patients, progression was detected in 50.6% of the patients (n = 304) with shortest median time to progression in idiopathic NSIP (iNSIP; median 14.6 months) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF; median 18.9 months). Reasons for the determination as PF-ILD were mainly deterioration in lung function (PFT; 57.8%) and respiratory hospitalisations (40.6%). In multivariate analyses reduced baseline FVC together with age were significant predictors for progression (OR = 1.00, p < 0.001). Higher GAP indices were a significant risk factor for a shorter survival time (GAP stage III vs. I HR = 9.06, p < 0.001). A significant shorter survival time was found in IPF compared to sarcoidosis (HR = 0.04, p < 0.001), CTD-ILD (HR = 0.33, p < 0.001), and HP (HR = 0.30, p < 0.001). Patients with at least one reported ILD exacerbation as a reason for hospitalisation had a median survival time of 7.3 years (range 0.1 to 34.4 years) compared to 19.6 years (range 0.3 to 19.6 years) in patients without exacerbations (HR = 0.39, p < 0.001). Conclusion Disease progression is common in all ILD and associated with increased mortality. Most important risk factors for progression are impaired baseline forced vital capacity and higher age, as well as acute exacerbations and respiratory hospitalisations for mortality. Early detection of progression remains challenging, further clinical criteria in addition to PFT might be helpful.

Gas exchange in COVID-19 pneumonia is impaired and vessel obstruction has been suspected to cause ventilation-perfusion mismatch. Dual-energy CT (DECT) can depict pulmonary perfusion by regional assessment of iodine uptake. The purpose of this study was the analysis of pulmonary perfusion using dual-energy CT in a cohort of 27 consecutive patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. We retrospectively analyzed pulmonary perfusion with DECT in 27 consecutive patients (mean age 57 years, range 21-73; 19 men and 8 women) with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Iodine uptake (IU) in regions-of-interest placed into normally aerated lung, ground-glass opacifications (GGO) and consolidations was measured using a dedicated postprocessing software. Vessel enlargement (VE) within opacifications and presence of pulmonary embolism (PE) was assessed by subjective analysis. Linear mixed models were used for statistical analyses. Compared to normally aerated lung 106/151 (70.2%) opacifications without upstream PE demonstrated an increased IU, 9/151 (6.0%) an equal IU and 36/151 (23.8%) a decreased IU. The estimated mean iodine uptake (EMIU) in opacifications without upstream PE (GGO 1.77 mg/mL; 95%-CI: 1.52-2.02; p = 0.011, consolidations 1.82 mg/mL; 95%-CI: 1.56-2.08, p = 0.006) was significantly higher compared to normal lung (1.22 mg/mL; 95%-CI: 0.95-1.49). In case of upstream PE, EMIU of opacifications (combined GGO and consolidations) was significantly decreased compared to normal lung (0.52 mg/mL; 95%-CI: -0.07-1.12; p = 0.043). The presence of VE in opacifications correlated significantly with iodine uptake (p<0.001). DECT revealed the opacifications in a subset of patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia to be perfused non-uniformly with some being hypo- and others being hyperperfused. Mean iodine uptake in opacifications (both ground-glass and consolidation) was higher compared to normally aerated lung except for areas with upstream pulmonary embolism. Vessel enlargement correlated with iodine uptake: In summary, in a cohort of 27 consecutive patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia, dual-energy CT demonstrated a wide range of iodine uptake in pulmonary ground-glass opacifications and consolidations as a surrogate marker for hypo- and hyperperfusion compared to normally aerated lung. Applying DECT to determine which pathophysiology is predominant might help to tailor therapy to the individual patient's needs.