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Aristotle's Nicomachean ethics : a critical guide
\"Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics is one of the most important ethical treatises ever written, and has had a profound influence on the subsequent development of ethics and moral psychology. This collection of newly-commissioned essays, written by both senior and younger scholars in the field, presents a thorough and close examination of the work. The essays address a broad range of issues including the compositional integrity of the Ethics, the nature of desire, the value of emotions, happiness, and the virtues. The result is a volume which will challenge and advance the scholarship on the Ethics, establishing new ways of viewing and appreciating the work for all scholars of Aristotle\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
A Systematic View of Ten New Black Hole Spins
The launch of NuSTAR and the increasing number of binary black hole (BBH) mergers detected through gravitational wave observations have exponentially advanced our understanding of BHs. Despite the simplicity owed to being fully described by their mass and angular momentum, BHs have remained mysterious laboratories that probe the most extreme environments in the universe. While significant progress has been made in the recent decade, the distribution of spin in BHs has not yet been understood. In this work, we provide a systematic analysis of all known BHs in X-ray binary systems (XBs) that have previously been observed by NuSTAR, but have not yet had a spin measurement made using the “relativistic reflection” method obtained from those data. By looking at all the available archival NuSTAR data of these sources, we measure 10 new BH spins: IGR J17454-2919 − a=0.97−0.17+0.03; GRS 1758-258 − a=0.991−0.019+0.007; MAXI J1727-203 − a=0.986−0.159+0.012; MAXI J0637-430 − a = 0.97 ± 0.02; Swift J1753.5-0127 − a=0.997−0.003+0.001; V4641 Sgr − a=0.86−0.06+0.04; 4U 1543-47 − a=0.98−0.02+0.01; 4U 1957+11 − a=0.95−0.04+0.02; H 1743-322 − a=0.98−0.02+0.01; and MAXI J1820+070 − a=0.988−0.028+0.006 (all uncertainties are at the 1σ confidence level). We discuss the implications of our measurements on the entire distribution of stellar-mass BH spins in XBs, and we compare them with the spin distribution in BBHs, finding that the two distributions are clearly in disagreement. Additionally, we discuss the implications of this work on our understanding of how the “relativistic reflection” spin measurement technique works, and discuss possible sources of systematic uncertainty that can bias our measurements.
Journal Article
Relativistic reverberation in the accretion flow of a tidal disruption event
Observations of reverberation arising from gravitationally redshifted iron Kα photons reflected off the inner accretion flow in a tidal disruption event demonstrate that X-rays originate from a region very close to the central black hole and not from a relativistic jet, as previously thought.
Space-time around a once-dormant black hole
The tidal disruption event Swift J1644+57, first detected on 28 March 2011, is thought to be a consequence of a star being consumed by a once-dormant black hole. Here Erin Kara
et al
. report observations of relativistic X-ray echoes, or reverberation, arising from gravitationally redshifted iron Kα photons reflected off the inner accretion flow in Swift J1644+57. The authors estimate the mass of the black hole to be a few million solar masses, suggesting an accretion rate of at least 100 times the Eddington limit. These observations do not support the previous interpretation that the X-rays arise from the relativistically moving regions of a jet.
Our current understanding of the curved space-time around supermassive black holes is based on actively accreting black holes, which make up only ten per cent or less of the overall population. X-ray observations of that small fraction reveal strong gravitational redshifts that indicate that many of these black holes are rapidly rotating
1
; however, selection biases suggest that these results are not necessarily reflective of the majority of black holes in the Universe
2
. Tidal disruption events, where a star orbiting an otherwise dormant black hole gets tidally shredded and accreted onto the black hole
3
, can provide a short, unbiased glimpse at the space-time around the other ninety per cent of black holes. Observations of tidal disruptions have hitherto revealed the formation of an accretion disk and the onset of an accretion-powered jet
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
, but have failed to reveal emission from the inner accretion flow, which enables the measurement of black hole spin. Here we report observations of reverberation
9
,
10
,
11
,
12
arising from gravitationally redshifted iron Kα photons reflected off the inner accretion flow in the tidal disruption event Swift J1644+57. From the reverberation timescale, we estimate the mass of the black hole to be a few million solar masses, suggesting an accretion rate of 100 times the Eddington limit or more
13
. The detection of reverberation from the relativistic depths of this rare super-Eddington event demonstrates that the X-rays do not arise from the relativistically moving regions of a jet, as previously thought
5
,
14
.
Journal Article
Kung food : Chinese American recipes from a third-culture kitchen
Jon Kung grew up as a 'third-culture' kid: Born in Los Angeles, raised in Hong Kong and Toronto, and now living in Detroit, Jon learned to embrace his diasporic identity in the kitchen after pivoting his career from law school graduate to being a cook. When the pandemic shut down his immensely popular popup, he turned to social media-not just as a means of creative expression, but as a way to teach and inspire. Over time, Jon discovered that expressing himself through food not only reflected his complicated identities, it affirmed them. From dumplings to the most decadent curried mac and cheese, Jon inspires millions through his creative recipes and content.
BOOK
Systematically Revisiting All NuSTAR Spins of Black Holes in X-Ray Binaries
We extend our recent work on black hole spin in X-ray binary systems to include an analysis of 189 archival NuSTAR observations from 24 sources. Using self-consistent data reduction pipelines, spectral models, and statistical techniques, we report an unprecedented and uniform sample of 36 stellar-mass black hole spin measurements based on relativistic reflection. This treatment suggests that prior reports of low spins in a small number of sources were generally erroneous: our comprehensive treatment finds that those sources tend to harbor black holes with high spin values. Overall, within 1σ uncertainty, ∼86% of the sample are consistent with a ≥ 0.95, ∼94% of the sample are consistent with a ≥ 0.9, and 100% are consistent with a ≥ 0.7 (the theoretical maximum for neutron stars; a = cJ/GM 2). We also find that the high-mass X-ray binaries (those with A-, B-, or O-type companions) are consistent with a ≥ 0.9 within the 1σ errors; this is in agreement with the low-mass X-ray binary population and may be especially important for comparisons to black holes discovered in gravitational wave events. In some cases, different spectra from the same source yield similar spin measurements but conflicting values for the inclination of the inner disk; we suggest that this is due to variable disk winds obscuring the blue wing of the relativistic Fe K emission line. We discuss the implications of our measurements, the unique view of systematic uncertainties enabled by our treatment, and future efforts to characterize black hole spins with new missions.
Journal Article
Elemental Abundances in X-Ray Binary Outflows
Line-resolved X-ray spectra of outflows from X-ray binaries are interesting since they provide quantifiable measures of the accreted material onto the compact object (black hole or neutron star), which can not be observed directly in the accretion disk. One such measurement that has been largely overlooked is that of the elemental abundances, which potentially provide insights into the origin of the ejected material. Using the Chandra/HETG grating spectrometer we measure and present elemental abundances in four low-mass X-ray binaries. We compare two measurement methods. One is by fitting line series of individual ions and reconstructing the absorption measure distribution (AMD), and the other is a global fit with one or two individual ionization components. All outflows feature a steep AMD strongly favoring high ionization degrees. The present abundances are consistent with previous works suggesting the abundances in the outflows are nonsolar. We find a tentative trend of increasing abundances with atomic number, which fits some core-collapse supernova models, but there is no exact match to a specific one.
Journal Article
RAW : the first 25 years
Offers a year-by-year overview of the popular WWE television program, RAW, with match highlights, photographs, big events, plot twists, and profiles of popular wrestlers through the years.
Book
Detection of Asymmetry in the Narrow Fe Kα Emission Line in MCG-5-23-16 with Chandra
Iron Kα (Fe Kα) emission is observed ubiquitously in active galactic nuclei (AGN), and it is a powerful probe of their circumnuclear environment. Examinations of the emission line play a pivotal role in understanding the disk geometry surrounding black holes. It has been suggested that the torus and the broad-line region (BLR) are the origins of emission. However, there is no universal location for the emitting region relative to the BLR. Here, we present an analysis of the narrow component of the Fe Kα line in the Seyfert AGN MCG-5-23-16, one of the brightest AGN in X-rays and in Fe Kα emission, to localize the emitting region. Spectra derived from Chandra/HETGS observations show asymmetry in the narrow Fe Kα line, which has only been confirmed before in the AGN NGC 4151. Models including relativistic Doppler broadening and gravitational redshifts are preferred over simple Gaussians and measure radii consistent with R ≃ 200–650 r g . These results are consistent with those of NGC 4151 and indicate that the narrow Fe Kα line in MCG-5-23-16 is primarily excited in the innermost part of the optical BLR, or X-ray BLR. Characterizing the properties of the narrow Fe Kα line is essential for studying the disk geometries of the AGN population and mapping their innermost regions.
Journal Article