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It is essential to ensure the safety, comfort, mobility, and quality of enormous traffic commonly seen in smart cities every day. Intelligent transport systems (ITS) are introduced to provide such facilities. A Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) is a network made up of multiple vehicular nodes that can freely join and exit the network. VANET is an important part of the ITS development process for all applications. Several researchers from all over the world have been drawn to this new research subject. VANETs are mainly used to make sure the protection of vehicles on the street and to enhance visitors’ performance and luxury for individuals. Due to the growing mobility of vehicles inside VANETs, it’s far tough to set up a safe and efficient route between the source and destination nodes. To choose the path between source and destination, this study analyses two factors: the least hop count and the sequence number. Firstly, the path is established using the multi-casting method in this research work. After that, the data is routed to select the root nodes from the network in the multi-casting method. Then the path is selected amid source and destination using a root node. The projected method is deployed on Network Simulator-2 (NS2), and the analytic outcomes are obtained to evaluate specific parametric values. The result shows that packet loss is reduced by 59.1% and delay is reduced by 18.2% when the multi-casting technique is used for establishing a path between source to destination as compared to the broadcasting method besides it throughput has also increased by 74% in the multi-casting domain compared to other existing methods.

Microstructural changes in boron doped Ni$\\sb3$Al during high temperature strain controlled (0.5% and 1% strain amplitudes) and stress controlled (constant stress of 85 MPa) low cycle fatigue were studied. From stress-strain plots, it was found that the true stress (as a function of cumulative strain) showed a maximum, followed by a continuous decrease at large cumulative strain. Extensive grain boundary migration could be the major softening mechanism. Grain boundary migration was inhibited if the material had dispersion in the form of voids that pin down the grain boundaries.

In the context of anti-cellular catalytic permutations, the development of thermally-induced nanotechnology is of great importance. In this study, iron oxides (Fe 2 O 3 ) decorated silver (Ag) core–shell nanocomposite was prepared using a green thermal decomposition process without using any additional chemicals. The nanocomposite was characterized for its composition, phase interactions, morphology, and stability using spectroscopic, thermogravimetric, and microscopic techniques. The resultant nanocomposite were also investigated against different types of bacteria and cancer cell lines. Both Gram-positive bacteria ( Staphylococcus aureus ) and Gram-negative bacteria ( Klebsiella spp., E. coli , and Pseudomonas ) growth was inhibited by the Ag/Fe 2 O 3 nanocomposite. The highest 19 mm zone of inhibition (ZOI) was found for Staphylococcus aureus by the combined effect of Ag and Fe 2 O 3 . The antibiofilm efficacy of the prepared nanocomposites showed biofilm destruction of 82.56% Staphylococcus aureus and 51.06% Klebsiella spp. Furthermore, the nanocomposite resulted in 80–90% death of Hela and BHK-21 cells but displayed lower cell toxicity in the case of the Vero cell line. This pathway of nanocomposites preparation with particle surface engineering would open new doors in the fields of nanobiotechnology and nanobiomedical applications.

Thermoplastic-based materials are recalcitrant in nature, which extensive use affect environmental health. Here, we attempt to compare the response of indigenously produced bacterial consortium-I and consortium-II in degrading polyvinyl chloride (PVC). These consortia were developed by using different combination of bacterial strains of Pseudomonas otitidis , Bacillus cereus , and Acanthopleurobacter pedis from waste disposal sites of Northern India after their identification via 16S rDNA sequencing. The progressive degradation of PVC by consortia was examined via scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, UV–vis, FT-IR spectra, gel permeation chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry analysis at different incubations and time intervals. The consortium-II was superior over consortium-I in degrading the PVC. Further, the carbon source utilization analysis revealed that the extensive use of consortia has not any effect on functional diversity of native soil microbes.

Studies have shown that cognitive styles do not remain static, but they change over a period of time. Both boys and girls become more field independent with increase in their age. The present study examines the development of field dependent-field independent cognitive style and related cognitive functioning of school children. A sample of 220 school children (111 boys and 109 girls) of 7-12 years was selected randomly from four schools of Varanasi city and divided into three groups, i e., 7-8 (group-1), 9-10 (group-2), and 11-12 (group-3) years. Each child was given Story-Pictorial Embedded Figures Test (SPEFT), Figure Identification Task and Face Identification Task. Results revealed that the elder children were more Field Independent than younger children. More specifically, children of the second age group (9-10 years) scored significantly higher on SPEFT than the first age group (7-8 years). Similarly children of the third age group (11-12 years) scored higher on SPEFT than the first and second groups. However, the difference was significant only between the first and the third groups. Similar developmental trend has also been observed with regard to children's performance on Figure Identification and Face Identification tasks. Further, FI children scored higher on both Face and Figure Identification tasks as compared to their FD counterparts. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

Background: Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by higher level of blood glucose level that can be due to defects in insulin protection, insulin action or both. The present study was conducted to estimate risk of study population to develop diabetes mellitus. Materials & methods: This study was conducted in department of community medicine in year 2014. We examined 5200 subjects in rural population. It included 2500 males and 2700 females. Subjects blood sample was taken for evaluation of both fasting and random blood sugar estimation. Results: Out of 5200 examined subjects, 2500 were males and 2700 were females. The difference was statistical non significant (P-0.6). Table II shows that out of 5200 examined subjects, 535 were found positive for type II DM. The prevalence rate was 10.2%. 260 patients were in range of 20-45 years and 275 patients were above 45 years of age. 82% of patients were vegetarian. 94.4% patients were non smokers, 5.6% were smokers, 22.4% were alcoholic and 78% were non alcoholic. 75% were obese. Regarding marital status, 435 were married, 70 were unmarried and 30 were separated. Regarding distribution of patients, based on socio economic status. 340 comprised of low status, middle 135 (25%) and high status 60. The difference in socioeconomic status was significant (P - 0.04). 12% (40) were illiterate and 88% (495) were literate. The difference was statistical significant (P - 0.05). Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus is a disease which affects majority of population. The increased prevalence day by day is a serious matter. It can be preventing by following stress free working environment, normal exercise, maintaining body weight and healthy life style.

Background: Obesity is a disease that affects almost 1/3rd of the adult population. As the pandemic of overweight and obesity around the globe continues to rise, many developing countries face a double burden of over nutrition and under nutrition. The present study was conducted to estimate the risk factors leading to obesity among study population. Materials & methods: This study was conducted on 300 college students in year 2015. Subjects were informed regarding the study and consent was taken. A predesigned questionnaire was used to collect the information such as name, age, gender, ethnic origin and their present weight (Kg) and height (m). Weight and height of all subjects were measured using standardized weighing machine and a height measuring scale. All subjects were subjected to BMI and was calculated by dividing a person's body weight by their height (weight [kg] / height [m]^sup 2^). A following criteria was used- BMI of 30 - obese, a BMI of 25.0 - 29.9 - Pre-obese and a BMI 23 to 24.9 - overweight/pre-obese. Results: Out of 300 subjects, males were 140 and females were 160. The difference was non - significant (P - 0.1). Subjects were underweight (males- 21, females- 24), normal weight (males- 68, females- 77), over weight (males- 20, females- 22), pre-obese (males- 23, females- 25) and obese (males- 8, females- 12). The difference among both genders was non- significant (P > 0.05). Thus, the prevalence of overweight subjects was 14% and obese was 6.6%. Out of 140 males, 60 were from rural and 80 were from urban population. Out of 160 females, 70 were from rural and 90 were from urban population. The difference was non - significant (P> 0.05). Subjects were of Indian origin and chinese origin. Among Indians, they were underweight (41), normal (139), over weight (37), pre- obese (46) and obese (17). Among Chinese, they were underweight (4), normal (6), over weight (5), pre-obese (2) and obese (3). The difference was significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Obesity is increasing in today's life style. There is urgent demand of adopting healthy healthy food habits, lifestyles, and a physically active daily routine, among the adults to minimize dangers of the risks of developing chronic degenerative diseases.