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Shortage of drinking water has gained potential interest over the last few decades. Discharged industrial effluent, including various toxic pollutants, to water surfaces is one of the most serious environmental issues. The adsorption technique has become a widely studied method for the removal of toxic pollutants, specifically synthetic dyes, from wastewater due to its cost-effectiveness, high selectivity, and ease of operation. In this study, a novel gelatin-crosslinked-poly(acrylamide- co -itaconic acid)/montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay nanocomposites-based adsorbent has been prepared for removing malachite green (MG) dye from an aqueous solution. Modified gelatin nanocomposites were synthesized using a free-radical polymerization technique in the presence and absence of MMT. Various analytical instrumentation: including FTIR, FESEM, XRD, and TEM techniques were used to elucidate the chemical structure and surface morphology of the prepared samples. Using a batch adsorption experiment, Langmuir isotherm model showed that the prepared modified gelatin nanocomposite had a maximum adsorption capacity of 950.5 mg/g using 350 mg/L of MG dye at pH 9 within 45 min. Furthermore, the regeneration study showed good recyclability for the obtained nanocomposite through four consecutive reusable cycles. Therefore, the fabricated gelatin nanocomposite is an attractive adsorbent for MG dye elimination from aqueous solutions.

The design of reactors based on high performance photocatalysts is an important research in catalytic hydrogenation. In this work, modification of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) was achieved by preparation of Pt/TiO 2 nanocomposites (NCs) through photo-deposition method. Both nanocatalysts were used for the photocatalytic removal of SOx from the flue gas at room temperature in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, water, and nitroacetanilide derivatives under visible light irradiation. In this approach, chemical deSOx was achieved along with protection of the nanocatalyst from sulfur poising through the interaction of the released SOx from SOx-Pt/TiO 2 surface with p-nitroacetanilide derivatives to produce simultaneous aromatic sulfonic acids. Pt/TiO 2 NCs have a bandgap of 2.64 eV in visible light range, which is lower than the bandgap of TiO 2 NPs, whereas TiO 2 NPs have a mean size of 4 nm and a high specific surface area of 226 m 2 /g. Pt/TiO 2 NCs showed high photocatalytic sulfonation of some phenolic compounds using SO 2 as a sulfonating agent along with the existence of p-nitroactanilide derivatives. The conversion of p-nitroacetanilide followed the combination processes of adsorption and catalytic oxidation–reduction reactions. Construction of an online continuous flow reactor–high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry system had been investigated, realizing real-time and automatic monitoring of completion the reaction. 4-nitroacetanilide derivatives ( 1a-1e) was converted to its corresponding sulfamic acid derivatives ( 2a–2e) in 93–99% isolated yields of within 60 s. It is expected to offer a great opportunity for ultrafast detection of pharmacophores.

In this work, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) and modified TiO 2 NPs with silver (Ag) or platinum (Pt) dopant were developed through photodeposition method for the NO x conversion into nitric acid (HNO 3 ) under visible light irradiation. The formed photocatalysts TiO 2 , Ag/TiO 2 , and Pt/TiO 2 nanocomposites were characterized by utilizing TEM, SEM, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), XRD, UV/visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), and FT-IR. It had been investigated that an enhancement within the conversion of NO x into HNO 3 was increased from 34.3 to 78.3% for Ag/TiO 2 and from 35.2 to 78.5% for Pt/TiO 2 under visible light irradiation conditions at room temperature for less than 2 h. The photodegradation rate order of NO x under visible light irradiation is Pt/TiO 2 ~ Ag/TiO 2 > TiO 2 . A possible mechanism for the catalytic conversion of NO x gases has been proposed, which depends on the photogeneration of electrons and holes after the excitation of nanocatalysts under visible radiation that promoted superoxide and hydroxyl ions, which can depredate NO x gases. This approach of NO x photocatalytic conversion is characterized by its chemical stability, low cost, high efficiency, simple operation, and strong durability than traditional methods.

Agricultural and agro-industrial wastes (e.g., potato peel waste) are causing severe environmental problems. The processes of pretreatment, saccharification, and fermentation are the major obstacles in bioethanol production from wastes and must be overcome by efficient novel techniques. The effect of exposing the fungi (yeast) Saccharomyces cerevisiae to laser source with the addition of graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (g-C 3 N 4 ) with different concentrations on bioethanol production was investigated through the implementation of a batch anaerobic system and using potato peel waste (PPW). Dichromate test was implemented as quantitative analysis for quantification of the bioethanol yield. The benefits of this test were the appearance of green color indicating the identification of ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH) by bare eye and the ease to calculate the bioethanol yield through UV–visible spectrophotometry. The control sample (0.0 ppm of g-C 3 N 4 ) showed only a 4% yield of bioethanol; however, by adding 150 ppm to PPW medium, 22.61% of ethanol was produced. Besides, laser irradiations (blue and red) as influencing parameters were studied with and without the addition of g-C 3 N 4 nanomaterials aiming to increase the bioethanol. It was determined that the laser irradiation can trigger the bioethanol production (in case of red: 13.13% and in case of blue: 16.14% yields, respectively) compared to the control sample (in absence of g-C 3 N 4 ). However, by adding different concentrations of g-C 3 N 4 nanomaterials from 5 to 150 ppm, the bioethanol yield was increased as follows: in case of red: 56.11% and, in case of blue: 56.77%, respectively. It was found that using fungi and exposing it to the blue laser diode source having a wavelength of 450 nm and a power of 250 mW for a duration of 30 min with the addition of 150 mg L −1 of g-C 3 N 4 nanomaterials delivered the highest bioethanol yield from PPW.

Critical-sized bone defects (CSBDs) are causing a significant challenge in orthopedic surgery for their inability to heal spontaneously, demanding innovative biomaterials to enhance bone formation. Current therapies, as autografts and allografts, are restricted by donor site morbidity and immune rejection. The current study presents a novel, biocompatible composite material formed of nano-graphene oxide (nGO), mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), and hydroxyapatite (HAp) and designed to synergistically control the unique characters of each component. The novelty of this composite is due to its composition as it formed via the combination of nGO for enhancement of the mechanical strength and the cell proliferation, MTA for its higher bioactivity and its ability for cement formation, while the HAp having optimum biocompatibility and osteoconductivity, this synergistic interaction was not previously explored for CSBD repair. The current study utilized a rat model of critical-sized radial bone defects. The nGO/MTA/HAp composite was manufactured by consuming a modified Hummer’s method for nGO, combined with commercially available MTA and HAp. Radiographic and computed tomography (CT) evaluation at 2-, 4-, and 8-weeks post-operation elaborating the progressive bone formation in the treated group compared to minimal changes in the untreated group. Histopathological examination demonstrated strong composite integration, massive cellular infiltration, and strong signs of osteoblast differentiation, causing approximately 75–85% defect closure at the 8th week. The current study highlights the potential of the nGO/MTA/HAp composite as a biocompatible and osteoinductive composite for CSBD repair, presenting enhanced mechanical strength, bioactivity, and osteoconductivity.

Siwa Oasis is of great historical, environmental, and scientific importance, as it contains unique archeological and geological features. Groundwater is the main source of freshwater in that oasis. The carbonate aquifer groundwater, used for irrigation, was sampled to evaluate factors controlling quality changes spatially and temporally by applying hydrochemical and statistical analyses. The salinity of the aquifer varied spatially from 1367 to 8645 mg/l based on one hydrogeological condition, with the highest TDS (> 5432.5 mg/l, 25% of samples) at the central part of the study area. Temporally, the salinity changed slightly from 3754.3 mg/l (in 2014) to 4222.4 mg/l (in 2020). The cession of illegal wells, pumping control, and excavation of formed salts have a noticeable impact on salinity (mediate the increase in salinity) and ions. However, about 61% of the studied samples can be considered unsuitable for irrigation owing to salinity and can harm plant yield. The heavy metals studied (Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb), except Cd, were within the permissible limit for irrigation water. Finally, it is proposed to construct desalination stations to enhance water quality for irrigation in the study area and set up many companies for salt extraction.

Contamination of water is considered the most potential problem recently due to significant toxic pollutants such as heavy metal ions and pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, we report the synthesis of antimicrobial cross-linked gelatin hydrogels as a dual functional adsorbent for wastewater treatment from toxic heavy metal ions (as copper) and several pathogenic microorganisms; including E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and Candidaalbicans. The cross-linked gelatin hydrogels were prepared in the presence of different concentrations of methylene bisacrylamide as a crosslinking agent via free-radical polymerization approach. Chemical structure of the prepared cross-linked gelatin hydrogels was successfully elucidated using several physicochemical tools: FTIR, XRD, EDX, and SEM, and TGA. The maximum swelling capacity of the prepared hydrogels reached a peak of 1821% at a hydrogel yield of 223.3%. While the adsorption data of Cu (II) ions from an aqueous solution revealed that maximum adsorption capacity was recorded as 564.9 mg/g at optimum conditions: 10 mL of 100 ppm of Cu (II) ions, 4 mg of adsorbent, pH 6, and an adsorption time of 12 min. The adsorption findings exhibited that adsorption behaviour was well-fitting to Langmuir isotherm with R2 of 0.9998. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity data showed superior antimicrobial activity for the as-prepared cross-linked grafted gelatin hydrogels against all tested microorganisms: E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and Candida albicans, with inhibition zone diameters of; 28, 23, 20 and 18 mm. Therefore, our cross-linked grafted gelatin hydrogels adsorbent is a very promising adsorbent for wastewater treatment, especially, for the fast and efficient capture of Cu ions from aqueous solutions and inhibiting the growth of several pathogenic microorganisms.

Background Toxoplasma gondii is a globally distributed zoonotic parasite that affects both humans and animals, with significant implications for public health and livestock production. The current research aims to update the information on the present prevalence of T. gondii and the risk factors associated with the infection in domestic ruminants in Aswan, Egypt, from August 2024 to January 2025, using serological, histopathological, and molecular approaches. Methods The blood of 387 domestic ruminants collected during the antemortem examination from four central abattoirs in the Aswan governorate, Upper Egypt, was inspected for the occurrence of anti- T. gondii antibodies through a modified agglutination technique. Data were confirmed by a nested polymerase chain reaction that targeted T. gondii DNA ( B1 gene). Tissue specimens (heart and diaphragm) from seropositive animals were collected during postmortem examination and subjected to a histopathological and immunohistochemical approach. Results The overall occurrence of T. gondii was 29.5% (114/387), with seropositivity of 33.5% (52/155), 28.2% (22/78), 23.6% (21/89), and 29.2% (19/65) in cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats, respectively. The studied risk factors (age, gender, breed, body condition, and location) in this study were detected to be significantly related to the presence of T. gondii infection ( p ˂ 0.05). Histopathological examination detected tissue cysts in 38 out of 114 cardiac muscles of seropositive animals and failed to detect any cysts in the diaphragm tissue, indicated by encased, circular to elongated, basophilic cysts with many bradyzoites entrenched in muscle fibers by H&E staining, while showing intense brown granule staining of lymphoblastic cells by immunohistochemistry assay. Nested PCR confirmed the presence of the B1 gene of T. gondii in blood samples of all seropositive animals (100%). Conclusions The combined use of serology, PCR, and IHC demonstrates that T. gondii is present in slaughtered ruminants in Aswan and that viable tissue cysts are present in edible tissues. These findings highlight a potential risk of zoonotic transmission through the consumption of undercooked meat and emphasize the need for monitoring and control measures to reduce the burden of foodborne toxoplasmosis in Egypt.

Palladium-catalyzed, cross-coupling reaction of N -methyl-3-iodo-4-quinolone with boronic acids or N -methyliminodiacetic acid boronates to obtain azaisoflavone derivatives was investigated through conventional Suzuki–Miyuara coupling or by slow release strategy. It has been observed that a slow release approach was a highly successful. In addition, a series of novel azaisoflavones containing alkynyl group were synthesized via Sonogashira reaction. The antibacterial activities of the all synthesized compounds were screened against series of bacterial strains. Furthermore, a molecular docking study was carried out for the most active compounds using Leadit 2.1.8 docking software, and the results were in good agreement with the experimental data. The details of synthetic methods, spectroscopic data, and biological results are reported. Graphical abstract

Domestic dogs and cats can be a source of human infection by a wide diversity of zoonotic pathogens including parasites. Genotyping and subtyping tools are useful in assessing the true public health relevance of canine and feline infections by these pathogens. This study investigated the occurrence, genetic diversity, and zoonotic potential of common diarrhea-causing enteric protist parasites in household dogs and cats in Egypt, a country where this information is particularly scarce. In this prospective, cross-sectional study a total of 352 individual fecal samples were collected from dogs (  = 218) and cats (  = 134) in three Egyptian governorates (Dakahlia, Gharbeya, and Giza) during July-December 2021. Detection and identification of spp., , , and sp. were carried out by PCR and Sanger sequencing. Basic epidemiological variables (geographical origin, sex, age, and breed) were examined for association with occurrence of infection by enteric protists. The overall prevalence rates of spp. and were 1.8% (95% CI: 0.5-4.6) and 38.5% (95% CI: 32.0-45.3), respectively, in dogs, and 6.0% (95% CI: 2.6-11.4) and 32.1% (95% CI: 24.3-40.7), respectively, in cats. All canine and feline fecal samples analyzed tested negative for and sp. Dogs from Giza governorate and cats from Dakahlia governorate were at higher risk of infection by spp. (  = 0.0006) and (  = 0.00001), respectively. Sequence analyses identified host-adapted (  = 4, one of them belonging to novel subtype XXe2) and assemblages C (  = 1) and D (  = 3) in dogs. In cats the zoonotic (  = 5) was more prevalent than host-adapted (  = 1). Household dogs had a limited (but not negligible) role as source of human giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis, but the unexpected high frequency of zoonotic in domestic cats might be a public health concern. This is the first molecular-based description of spp. infections in cats in the African continent to date. Molecular epidemiological data provided here can assist health authorities and policy makers in designing and implementing effective campaigns to minimize the transmission of enteric protists in Egypt.