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Iran, despite its size, geographic location and past cultural influence, has largely been a blind spot for human population genetic studies. With only sparse genetic information on the Iranian population available, we pursued its genome-wide and geographic characterization based on 1021 samples from eleven ethnic groups. We show that Iranians, while close to neighboring populations, present distinct genetic variation consistent with long-standing genetic continuity, harbor high heterogeneity and different levels of consanguinity, fall apart into a cluster of similar groups and several admixed ones and have experienced numerous language adoption events in the past. Our findings render Iran an important source for human genetic variation in Western and Central Asia, will guide adequate study sampling and assist the interpretation of putative disease-implicated genetic variation. Given Iran's internal genetic heterogeneity, future studies will have to consider ethnic affiliations and possible admixture.

Major birth defects are inborn structural or functional anomalies with long-term disability and adverse impacts on individuals, families, health-care systems, and societies. Approximately 20% of birth defects are due to chromosomal and genetic conditions. Inspired by the fact that neonatal deaths are caused by birth defects in about 20 and 10% of cases in Iran and worldwide respectively, we conducted the present study to unravel the role of chromosome abnormalities, including microdeletion/microduplication(s), in multiple congenital abnormalities in a number of Iranian patients. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 50 sporadic patients with Multiple Congenital Anomalies (MCA) were selected. The techniques employed included conventional karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), and array comparative genomic hybridisation (array-CGH), according to the clinical diagnosis for each patient. Chromosomal abnormalities and microdeletion/microduplication(s) were observed in eight out of fifty patients (16%). The abnormalities proved to result from the imbalances in chromosomes 1, 3, 12, and 18 in four of the patients. However, the other four patients were diagnosed to suffer from the known microdeletions of 22q11.21, 16p13.3, 5q35.3, and 7q11.23. In the present study, we report a patient with 46,XY, der(18)[12]/46,XY, der(18), +mar[8] dn presented with MCA associated with hypogammaglobulinemia. Given the patient's seemingly rare and highly complex chromosomal abnormality and the lack of any concise mechanism presented in the literature to justify the case, we hereby propose a novel mechanism for the formation of both derivative and ring chromosome 18. In addition, we introduce a new 12q abnormality and a novel association of an Xp22.33 duplication with 1q43q44 deletion syndrome. The phenotype analysis of the patients with chromosome abnormality would be beneficial for further phenotype-genotype correlation studies.

After being cultured in EMB(Eosin methylene blue) and blood agar medium then differential medium and diagnose strains, resistant strains to ceftazidime That antibiogram pattern of them with disk diffusion method with antibiotics: cefepime, ceftazidime, cefotaxime amikacin, Nitrofurantoin, gentamicin, trimethoprim, nalidixic acid, ceftriaxone, imipenem, cefotaxime, Cefixime, cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, and aztreonam, cotrimoxazol, cefepime using standard National Committee for clinical laboratory (CLSI) were studied.

Background: Emerging resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics among gram negative bacteria limits their usage. This study was done to determine the frequency of ESBLs producers and presence of CTX-M3 family gene (including CTX-M 3, 15, 22 subfamily) in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from different clinical specimens in Sina Hospital, TabrizMethods: 71 isolates of E. coli and 63 K. pneumoniae were isolated from different clinical specimens sent to Division of Microbiology, Sina Hospital, Tabriz, Iran. Bacteria were identified by conventional phenotypic methods. ESBL production in E. coli and K. pneumoniae was first detected with combined disc method using Mueller-Hinton agar and later presence of CTX-M3 family gene was detected by PCR technique.Results: In this study, 41 (57.74%) E.coli and 45 (71.42%) K. pneumoniae isolates were observed as ESBL producers. Among them, 30 (73.17%) E. coli and 26 (57.77%) K.pneumoniae were found carrying CTX-M3 gene. Among various antibiotics used for ESBL detection, highest resistance towards cefpodoxime (92%) was observed in E.coli, while in K.pneumoniae 90% isolates show resistance towards cefpodoxime and azterornam.Conclusion: Our study revealed that there is a high frequency of ESBLs producing isolates of E. coli and K. pneumoniae in our hospital set up. The problem elucidates the importance of designing more controlled surveillance of antibiotic resistance and need for large-scale epidemiologic studies to identify outcomes of the ESBL-production in gram negative bacilli.

The prolonged interaction between the immune system and tumor antigens can result in T cell exhaustion. Extensive research has been conducted on strategies to reactivate exhausted T cells within the tumor microenvironment. However the exact contribution of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and nociceptors in regulating CD8+ T cells within the framework of cancer-related inflammation has not been thoroughly studied. This study investigated the use of a TRPM8 antagonist (RQ-00203078), a selective cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) antagonist (AM251), and alpelisib (BYL-719) to control CD8+ T cell exhaustion. Our findings showed that administration of the CB1 antagonist AM251, either alone or in combination with alpelisib, significantly reduced the expression of PD-1 and Lag-3 on CD8+ T cells. Interestingly, treatment with the TRPM8 antagonist led to a notable increase in PD-1 expression on CD8+ T cells. These findings suggest that the decreased expression of inhibitory receptors on CD8+ T cells after treatment with the CB1 antagonist whether alone or with alpelisib and TRPM8 highlights the potential of ECS as a promising therapeutic target in cancer treatment.

Respiratory viruses have caused severe global health problems and posed essential challenges to the medical community. In recent years, the role of autophagy as a critical process in cells in viral respiratory diseases has been noticed. One of the vital catabolic biological processes in the body is autophagy. Autophagy contributes to energy recovery by targeting and selectively directing foreign microorganisms, organelles, and senescent intracellular proteins to the lysosome for degradation and phagocytosis. Activation or suppression of autophagy is often initiated when foreign pathogenic organisms such as viruses infect cells. Because of its antiviral properties, several viruses may escape or resist this process by encoding viral proteins. Viruses can also use autophagy to enhance their replication or prolong the persistence of latent infections. Here, we provide an overview of autophagy and respiratory viruses such as coronavirus, rhinovirus, parainfluenza, influenza, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus, and examine the interactions between them and the role of autophagy in the virus–host interaction process and the resulting virus replication strategy.

For the first time, ceramic nano particles were incorporated into the brass alloy to produce surface nano composites by friction stir processing. For this aim, Al 2 O 3 particles with an average diameter of 30 nm were inserted into a Cu-37Zn alloy at different tool rotational speeds of 450, 710, and 1120 rpm, multi passes, and a constant traverse speed of 100 mm/min. The microstructures of the processed materials were analyzed using optical and scanning electron microscopes equipped with an energy dispersive spectroscopy. In addition, tensile test was employed to evaluate the mechanical properties. The results showed that the optimum rotational speed was 710 rpm. At lower rotational speeds, Al 2 O 3 particles were agglomerated. On the other hand, at higher rotational speeds, tool was damaged by severe wear. The effect of multi passes showed that one and two passes could not distribute the Al 2 O 3 particles, uniformly. However, three passes resulted in a uniform distribution of the Al 2 O 3 particles inside a bimodal grain structure composed of both 3–5 μm grains and ultra-fine grains (< 1 μm). By using multi-pass friction stir processing, a synergic increase in ultimate tensile strength and elongation was obtained. Moreover, three passes caused superior mechanical properties i.e. ultimate tensile strength of 430 MPa and elongation of 39%. The fracture behavior and strengthening mechanisms are also discussed in details.

Objective: This study develops a systematic model for users' understanding of information overload in financial reporting, using grounded theory. The statistical population consists of professional experts and capital market participants, with 13 individuals selected through snowball sampling. Managing information overload is crucial for enhancing the usefulness and reliability of financial reports and supporting decision-makers. Methodology: Data were collected via semi-structured interviews and analyzed through three coding stages–open, axial, and selective–using MaxQDA software. The coding process identified patterns, categories, and relationships consistent with grounded theory principles. Results: The analysis produced macro-categories, main categories, and subcategories describing the causes, influences, and consequences of overload. Findings indicate that excessive or complex disclosures cause misinterpretation, raise information asymmetry, reduce market liquidity, increase transaction costs, and elevate capital costs. These outcomes underline the urgency of implementing effective controls over disclosure practices to safeguard report clarity and usefulness. Innovation: Few national or international studies examined the detailed patterns of overload in financial reporting. The model is original, integrating practical and theoretical contributions. It offers recommendations for policymakers, auditors, and preparers to reduce overload, improve comprehension, enhance decisions, and raise reporting quality, while linking behavioral insights with technical aspects of disclosure. Keywords: Information overload, Financial reporting, Disclosure, Grounded theory.

Vitamin A derivatives such as retinoic acid may improve the impaired balance of CD4+ T cells in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. This study is a double-blind randomized trial to evaluate the effect of vitamin A (as form of retinyl palmitate) supplementation on multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Thirty-nine patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to two groups. Both groups were followed for 6 months. The experimental group received 25,000 IU of retinyl palmitate daily, while the control group received a placebo. Before and after the study, the expression of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and T-bet genes was evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients by RT-PCR. The results showed that after 6 months of supplementation, expression of IFN-γ and T-bet was significantly decreased. These data suggest that retinyl palmitate supplementation can modulate the impaired balance of Th1 and Th2 cells and vitamin A products that may be involved in the therapeutic mechanism of vitamin A in MS patients. This study provides information regarding the decreased gene expression of IFN-γ and T-bet in MS by retinyl palmitate supplementation.

This study employs advanced 3D opto‐electro‐thermal (OET) simulations based on the finite element method to analyze and optimize perovskite tandem solar cells (TSC) featuring CsPbI3/MASnI3 active layers. The study includes a comprehensive physical analysis of the OET behavior within the device, providing deep insights into electromagnetic wave interactions, carrier dynamics, and heat management. The main challenge is enhancing bottom subcell (BS) performance by integrating a single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT)/NiO core–shell as the hole transport layer (HTL). The reference TSC initially exhibits a power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of 19.55%. After thickness optimization of the active layers, the PCE increases to 22.88%, with balanced Jsc and slightly reduced Voc. Subsequently, incorporation of the SWCNT/NiO core–shell HTL further enhances device performance, leading to a maximum PCE of 25.11% with improved thermal management in the BS. Comprehensive OET analysis shows reduced thermal losses, while useful output power in the BS increases from 14.13% to 20.28% of the incident power. Furthermore, parametric sensitivity analyses show that the SWCNT/NiO core–shell HTL maintains robust performance under realistic parameter variations, demonstrating that precise nanostructured HTL engineering enhances electrical efficiency, thermal stability, and the durability of perovskite TSCs. Advanced 3D opto‐electro‐thermal simulations reveal that integrating a SWCNT/NiO core–shell hole transport layer in CsPbI3/MASnI3 tandem solar cells improves bottom subcell performance, increasing power conversion efficiencies from 19.55% to 25.11%, enhances current matching, reduces thermal losses by 6.15%, and maintains robust operation under realistic parameter variations.