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Considered heavy metals, such as As(III), Bi(II), Cd(II), Cr(VI), Mn(II), Mo(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), Sb(III), Se(-II), Zn(II), and contaminating chemical compounds (monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as phenolic or polycyclic derivatives) in wastewater (petrochemical industries: oil and gas production plants) are currently a major concern in environmental toxicology due to their toxic effects on aquatic and terrestrial life. In order to maintain biodiversity, hydrosphere ecosystems, and people, it is crucial to remove these heavy metals and polluting chemical compounds from the watery environment. In this study, different Nanoparticles (α-Fe 2 O 3 , CuO, and ZnO) were synthesized by green synthesis method using Portulaca oleracea leaf extract and characterized by UV–Vis spectrophotometers, FTIR spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) techniques in order to investigate morphology, composition, and crystalline structure of NPs, these were then used as adsorbent for the removal of As(III), Bi(II), Cd(II), Cr(VI), Mn(II), Mo(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), Sb(III), Se(-II), and Zn(II) from wastewater, and removal efficiencies of were obtained 100% under optimal conditions.

The novel synthesis of MgO from Laurus nobilis L. leaves was prepared using the green synthesis method. It is using direct blending process to decorate MgO/PEG nanocomposite to enhance the photodegradation properties and examine its physical properties using diverse characterization techniques, including XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and UV–Vis. X-ray diffraction reveals a cubic phase of MgO with a 37-nm grain size. SEM images confirm spherical nanoparticles with a diameter size of 22.9 nm. The optical energy gap of MgO NPs was 4.4 eV, and the MgO/PEG nanocomposite was 4.1 eV, which made it an efficient catalyst under sunlight. The photocatalytic activity of Rose Bengal (RB) and Toluidine Blue (TB) dyes at 5 × 10 −5  mol/l dye concentration indicates excellent degradation efficiencies of 98% and 95% in 120 min, respectively, under sunlight irradiation. MgO/PEG is an excellent candidate nanocomposite for applications of photodegradation and could be used for its potential capability to develop conventionally used techniques.

Dye pollution resulting from the discharge of untreated wastewater has become a major environmental concern. In this study, we propose a green and cost-effective approach for the photocatalytic degradation of dye pollutants using a nanocomposite (NC) of manganese oxide (Mn 3 O 4 ) modified with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The Mn 3 O 4 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized through a green method using a biogenic extract of Pistacia lentiscus leaves. The resulting Mn 3 O 4 NPs were then modified with PVP, a non-ionic polymer, to enhance their stability and catalytic performance. The synthesized Mn 3 O 4 /PVP NC was characterized using various analytical techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy. The findings showed that the Mn 3 O 4 NPs and Mn 3 O 4 /PPV NC exhibit spherical morphology with an average size of 37 nm and 45 nm, respectively. The Mn 3 O 4 NPs and Mn 3 O 4 /PVP NC exhibited optical bandgap energies of 1.8 eV and 1 eV, indicating the effective use of these NPs as photocatalysts. The nanocomposite exhibited exceptional catalytic performance in degrading bromophenol blue (BPB) and ortho-toluidine blue (O-TB), achieving degradation rates of 98% and 95% within 75 minutes. In comparison, Mn 3 O 4 NPs showed lower efficiencies with approximately 14% degradation for BPB and 6% for O-TB. Optimal conditions for dye degradation and subsequent cycles were determined, and first-principles calculations revealed insight into the adsorption energy between the dyes and the Mn 3 O 4 /PVP surface. This study highlights the potential of Mn 3 O 4 /PVP nanocomposite as an effective and eco-friendly catalyst for dye pollutant degradation, offering a promising solution for wastewater treatment across industries.

Silver nanoparticles have recently gained significant attention due to their remarkable properties as photocatalysts and antimicrobial agents. However, their widespread use has been hampered by several issues such as aggregation and stabilization. To address these challenges, this study explores the incorporation of silver nanoparticles within potassium polyacrylate (PPA) hydrogel. The integration process was accomplished through in-situ reduction of silver ions using sodium borohydride. The synthesized PPA/Ag nanocomposite was characterized by using UV–visible, XRD, SEM, and FTIR techniques. The silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ) sample had an indirect optical bandgap of 3.3 eV, but adding PPA decreased it to 2.42 eV. The prepared PPA/Ag composites exhibited superior photocatalytic activity in the degradation of rose bengal dye. The highest degradation efficiency of 95% was observed for PPA/Ag (16 mM), while the lowest efficiency of 88% was recorded for PPA/Ag (10 mM). To assess the antibacterial effectiveness of the four PPA/Ag samples (2 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM, and 16 mM) against various bacteria such as E. coli , P. aeruginosa , and S. aureus , the agar diffusion technique was employed. The results show that the largest inhibition zones were achieved in the presence of PPA/Ag (2 mM) samples against E. coli and P. aeruginosa bacterial strains, while PPA/Ag (10 mM) presented a better effect against S. aureus than the other prepared samples. Additionally, the prepared samples demonstrated excellent antimicrobial properties against diverse microorganisms. This finding makes PPA/Ag potentially useful in applications such as wastewater treatment and wound healing. Graphical abstract

A novel composite material, magnetic chitosan-clay/benzoin/Fe 3 O 4 (CS-CY/Benz/Fe 3 O 4 ), was synthesized for effectively removing thionine dye (TH) from water solutions. The structural integrity and suitability of CS- CY/Benz/Fe 3 O 4 composite for adsorption purposes were validated through extensive characterization techniques including BET, XRD, FTIR, and SEM. The adsorption efficiency was optimized through a Box–Behnken design (BBD) employing response surface methodology (RSM), focusing on variables such as adsorbent dose (A: 0.02–0.08 g), solution pH (B: 4–10), temperature (C: 30–60 °C), and time (D: 5–30 min). Experimental results revealed a maximum TH removal of 99% with significant interactions between temperature (C) and time (D) (p-value = 0.0001). The optimal conditions for TH removal were determined as pH ~ 5.91, adsorbent dosage of 0.08 g, temperature of 54.34 °C, and time of 29.7 min. The investigation of kinetics revealed that the adsorption process conformed to a pseudo-second-order (PSO) model, while the equilibrium data were effectively described by the Freundlich isotherm model. At a temperature of 333.15 K and a TH concentration of 350 mg/L, the adsorption capacity was determined to be 660.86 mg/g. The mechanism of adsorption encompassed various interactions such as electrostatic attractions, n–π interactions, hydrogen bonding, and Yoshida H-bonding. Particularly, the CS-CY/Benz/Fe 3 O 4 composite demonstrated strong magnetic responsiveness, enabling straightforward separation from water using an external magnetic field after adsorption. Particularly, the CS-CY/Benz/Fe 3 O 4 composite demonstrated strong magnetic responsiveness, enabling straightforward separation from water using an external magnetic field after adsorption. This research contributes important findings to the advancement of magnetic chitosan-based composites for efficient removal of TH dye pollutants from water environments.

This study addresses the critical need for efficient and recyclable photocatalysts for water treatment applications by presenting a novel approach for the synthesis and characterization of copper (I) oxide (Cu2O) nanoparticles modified with ascorbic acid (Cu2O/AA). The motivation for this research stems from the increasing concern about environmental pollution caused by organic pollutants, such as Brilliant Cresyl Blue (BCB), and the necessity for sustainable solutions to mitigate this issue. Through comprehensive characterization techniques including Ultraviolet–Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), zeta potential measurements, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, we demonstrate a significant modification to the electronic structure, enhancing the photocatalytic activity of Cu2O/AA. BET analysis revealed a mesoporous structure with a specific surface area of 2.7247 m2/g for Cu2O/AA, further emphasizing its potential for enhanced catalytic performance. The photocatalytic degradation studies showcased remarkable efficiency improvements, with degradation coefficients of 30.8% and 73.12% for Cu2O NPs and Cu2O/AA NC, respectively, within a 120 min timeframe. Additionally, recyclability experiments indicated sustained efficiency over five consecutive cycles, with both catalysts retaining crystalline integrity. These findings underscore the promising potential of Cu2O/AA nanoparticles as highly efficient and recyclable photocatalysts for the degradation of organic pollutants, offering superior performance compared to pure Cu2O NPs and addressing the pressing need for sustainable water treatment solutions.

This study presents the synthesis and application of MgO@SnO2 nanocomposite (NC), surface-modified with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), to address heavy metal removal and hydrocarbon degradation in petroleum wastewater. The nanocomposites were eco-friendly produced using Pistacia lentiscus leaf extract and underwent thorough characterization through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–visible spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses, confirming their successful synthesis and modification. Adsorption studies evaluated the nanocomposites’ efficiency in eliminating 11 heavy metals from petroleum wastewater. Results revealed impressive adsorption capacities, achieving complete Cr, Mo, and Sb removal within 20 min and nearly 99% removal of all tested metals within 30 min. Additionally, MgO@SnO2@PVP NC exhibited exceptional photocatalytic activity under sunlight irradiation, leading to an 88% hydrocarbon degradation and an 85% reduction in total suspended solids (TSS) in oily industrial water (OIW) after 30 min, outperforming MgO@SnO2 NC. The reaction kinetics followed a pseudo-first-order model, with rate constant (k) values of 0.041 and 0.090 min−1 for OIW and TSS, respectively. Furthermore, the nanocomposites showed excellent recyclability over five cycles. First-principles calculations confirmed robust adsorption between the nanocomposites and heavy metal ions, validating their binding efficacy. Biosynthesized MgO@SnO2@PVP NC proves effective and recyclable for removing heavy metals and degrading hydrocarbons in petroleum wastewater, presenting promising environmental remediation solutions.

The green synthesis method was used to prepare SnO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) from Laurus nobilis L. aqueous extract. Gelatin-based films are a promising substitute for traditional plastics due to their eco-friendliness, low cost, and pliability. However, they have some drawbacks such as high water solubility, poor opacity, and permeability to vapor. The use of synthesized SnO 2 NPs can help address these concerns. The GEL/SnO 2 film has enhanced morphological and physicochemical properties, with antibacterial properties that could extend the shelf life of perishable items like strawberries, contributing to reducing food waste. To improve their antibacterial activity, the SnO 2 NPs were functionalized with the cefazolin (CEF) drug. The synthesized SnO 2 NPs and the CEF@SnO 2 nanocomposite (NC) were characterized using various techniques such as UV-Vis, FTIR, SEM, and XRD. The results showed that the particle sizes of SnO 2 NPs and CEF@SnO 2 NC were 28 nm and 35 nm, respectively, and SEM analysis revealed spherical-shaped agglomerated particles for both. The optical bandgap energy was calculated to be 3.3 and 2.34 eV for SnO 2 NPs and CEF@SnO 2 NC, respectively. The antibacterial activity exhibits an excellent inhibition zone for synthesized SnO2 NPs and the CEF@SnO 2 NC with different concentrations (1, 3, and 5 mM) against Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Staphylococcus aureus . CEF@SnO 2 NC revealed a strong effect compared to SnO 2 NPs, where 5 mM shows the highest inhabitation zone. Molecular docking studies supported the experimental data, indicating the interaction between proteins and the CEF@SnO 2 . This approach offers an innovative way of synthesizing drug-loaded SnO 2 NPs as functional biomaterials.

This study investigates the synthesis, characterization, and application of ZnO/SnO 2 nanocomposite (ZnO/SnO 2 NC), focusing on their photocatalytic and antioxidant properties. The sol-gel technique was utilized for the synthesis of the ZnO/SnO 2 NC. Subsequent characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and UV-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry. The XRD analysis indicated crystallite dimensions of 15 nm for ZnO/SnO 2 and 21 nm for pure ZnO NPs. The photocatalytic efficiency was assessed by the degradation of Toluidine Blue (TB) and m-Toluidine Blue (m-TB) dyes. The ZnO/SnO 2 NC demonstrated degradation rates of 99% for both TB and m-TB within 120 and 140 min of sunlight exposure, respectively. Furthermore, the scavenging activity of superoxide radicals was evaluated, with the ZnO/SnO 2 NC exhibiting an Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 48.12 µg∙mL − 1 , compared to 60.03 µg∙mL − 1 for pure ZnO. This research highlights the potential of ZnO/SnO 2 NC in environmental remediation and biomedical applications.