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An in vivo study was conducted to compare the enteric methane emissions and diversity of ruminal methanogens in cattle and buffaloes kept in the same environment and fed on the same diet. Six cattle and six buffaloes were fed on a similar diet comprising Napier ( Pennisetum purpureum ) green grass and concentrate in 70:30. After 90 days of feeding, the daily enteric methane emissions were quantified by using the SF 6 technique and ruminal fluid samples from animals were collected for the diversity analysis. The daily enteric methane emissions were significantly greater in cattle as compared to buffaloes; however, methane yields were not different between the two species. Methanogens were ranked at different taxonomic levels against the Rumen and Intestinal Methanogen-Database. The archaeal communities in both host species were dominated by the phylum Euryarchaeota ; however, Crenarchaeota represented <1% of the total archaea. Methanogens affiliated with Methanobacteriales were most prominent and their proportion did not differ between the two hosts. Methanomicrobiales and Methanomassillicoccales constituted the second largest group of methanogens in cattle and buffaloes, respectively. Methanocellales ( Methanocella arvoryza) were exclusively detected in the buffaloes. At the species level, Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii had the highest abundance (55–57%) in both the host species. The relative abundance of Methanobrevibacter wolinii between the two hosts differed significantly. Methanosarcinales , the acetoclastic methanogens were significantly greater in cattle than the buffaloes. It is concluded that the ruminal methane yield in cattle and buffaloes fed on the same diet did not differ. With the diet used in this study, there was a limited influence (<3.5%) of the host on the structure of the ruminal archaea community at the species level. Therefore, the methane mitigation strategies developed in either of the hosts should be effective in the other. Further studies are warranted to reveal the conjunctive effect of diet and geographical locations with the host on ruminal archaea community composition.

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) have an important role in acute allergic lung inflammation. Given their distribution and function, lung ILC2s are hypothesized to coordinate epithelial responses to the external environment; however, how barrier surveillance is linked to ILC2 activation remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that alveolar type II cells are the main source of interleukin (IL)-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) generated in response to chitin or migratory helminths. IL-33 and TSLP synergistically induce an interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4)-IL-9 program in ILC2s, and autocrine IL-9 promotes rapid IL-5 and IL-13 production required for optimal epithelial responses in the conducting airways. Thus, ILC2s link alveolar function to regulation of airway flow, revealing a key interaction between resident lymphoid and structural cells that might underlie similar organizational hierarchies in other organs.

The article provides a long-term trend analysis of the Kesinga catchment daily gridded rainfall at a (0.25° × 0.25°) high spatial resolution from 1901 to 2020 (120 years). The trend in seasonal and annual rainfall was detected using rank-based nonparametric statistical tests, namely Spearman’s rho and Mann-Kendall test, which are used for detecting monotonic trends in time series data at the 5% significant level, smoothing curve, Sen’s slope test, and a plot of innovative trend analysis. The results showed that statistically significant trends had a pattern with both positive (increasing) and negative (decreasing) trends, with positive and negative trends evident in the winter and negative trends shown in the monsoon, PREMON, and annual seasons. The middle of the study area revealed the highest negative trend, and the lower Kesinga catchment showed the lowest negative annual rainfall trend. In the entire Kesinga catchment, the seasonal data and annual rainfall both showed statistically significant and non-significant patterns. Consistently, the MK and SR tests were both conducted at the validated significance level. In various contexts, the statistically significant massive trend that has occurred was negative (70%). If the current pattern continues in the future, there will be a scarcity of water and more strain on the control of water resources at the given grids in corresponding temporal scales.

The task of object detection in computer vision revolves around the identification of objects within images or videos. A specific subtask within object detection is face detection, which focuses on detecting human faces. Within the realm of face detection, an important research area is facial feature detection, which has diverse applications ranging from facial recognition to emotion detection and facial expression analysis. The crucial step in facial feature detection is the identification and localization of key facial features such as the eyes, eyebrows, nose, mouth, and chin, which can also be called facial region detection. Face region detection can be done in two ways: landmark detection and Bounding box- based detection. Bounding boxes offer computational benefits such as increased speed and efficiency. They are preferable when the objective is to accurately detect and locate the presence of an object or face in an image or video frame. Although most of the existing algorithms for facial feature detection based on bounding box predictions typically treat the eyes as a single entity, our approach using YOLOv5 addresses the separation of left and right eye detection. In this research study, we conducted experiments using YOLOv5, which provides bounding box predictions. We used a subset of LFW (Labelled Faces in the Wild) Dataset which we augmented using GFP-GAN, Gaussian Noise, Image Sharpening, and CLAHE. We explored the effectiveness of different backbone architectures when applied to YOLOv5 for the task of facial region detection. We evaluated three popular backbone networks: EfficientNet-b0, GhostNet, and CSP-Darknet53. Our objective was to identify the most suitable backbone architecture that yields accurate detection of facial features, including the left eye, right eye, nose, and lips. Our experiments show that when GhostNet is used as a backbone in the YOLOv5 architecture, it produces superior results for the detection and classification of features as compared to the other backbones. We present a detailed evaluation of our findings, including discussions of the experimental results using different IOU thresholds and backbone combinations. Our proposed methodology and findings make valuable contributions to the field of facial feature extraction and provide meaningful insights into the potential and performance of YOLOv5 for detecting and localizing key facial elements.

Objective: To examine the timing and microbiology of neonatal sepsis in a population-based surveillance in the Indian community setting. Study Design: All live born infants in 223 villages of Odisha state were followed at home for 60 days. Suspect sepsis cases were referred to study hospitals for further evaluation including blood culture. Results: Of 12 622 births, 842 were admitted with suspected sepsis of whom 95% were 4 to 60 days old. Culture-confirmed incidence of sepsis was 6.7/1000 births with 51% Gram negatives ( Klebsiella predominating) and 26% Gram positives (mostly Staphylococcus aureus ). A very high level of resistance to penicillin and ampicillin, moderate resistance to cephalosporins and extremely low resistance to Gentamicin and Amikacin was observed. Conclusion: The bacterial burden of sepsis in the Indian community is not high. Judicious choice of empiric antibiotics, antibiotic stewardship and alternate modalities should be considered for the management or prevention of neonatal sepsis in India.

A cell producing electricity (without combustion) from a chemical reaction by converting hydrogen and oxygen into water is a fuel cell. It is a cleaner and greener alternative source of energy and thus is an important area of research. This paper presents an overview of the two major types of fuel cells and their relation to sustainable management of resources i.e.; 1) Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell, 2) Reversible fuel cell.

To assess the spatial distribution of precipitation in the region, the analysis has been carried out, using both model experiments and observational data from 1974 to 2003. According to the World Meteorological Organisation, a 30-year time is necessary for study these averaging of these variables (Phoncharoen et al., 2021). Climate variability denotes the changes in climate parameters tliat are expressed through the mean state, i.e., the standard deviation, correlation coefficient, statistics of extremes, etc., and the analysis takes into account temporal and spatial scales tliat transcend individual weather events. [...]the conclusion is compared to the MC climatic scenario, tiie estimated proportion of tiie increase in rainfall is particularly significant for EC.

Particle accelerators are an important tool to study the fundamental properties of elementary particles. Currently the highest energy accelerator is the LHC at CERN, in Geneva, Switzerland. Each of its four major detectors, such as the CMS detector, produces dozens of Petabytes of data per year to be analyzed by a large international collaboration. The processing is carried out on the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid, that spans over more than 170 compute centers around the world and is used by a number of particle physics experiments. Recently the LHC experiments were encouraged to make increasing use of HPC resources. While Grid resources are homogeneous with respect to the used Grid middleware, HPC installations can be very different in their setup. In order to integrate HPC resources into the highly automatized processing setups of the CMS experiment a number of challenges need to be addressed. For processing, access to primary data and metadata as well as access to the software is required. At Grid sites all this is achieved via a number of services that are provided by each center. However at HPC sites many of these capabilities cannot be easily provided and have to be enabled in the user space or enabled by other means. At HPC centers there are often restrictions regarding network access to remote services, which is again a severe limitation. The paper discusses a number of solutions and recent experiences by the CMS experiment to include HPC resources in processing campaigns.

Children under the age of 5 years generally spend most of their time with their parents and guardians, especially mothers, even when they attend pre-schools or nurseries. It has been found that young children's oral health maintenance and outcomes are influenced by their parent's knowledge and beliefs. This study was done to assess the mother's knowledge about the oral health of their pre-school children in Moradabad, India. Mothers of children aged 1-4 years, attending the hospital for vaccination or regular checkups in the pediatric division of government hospitals, were invited to participate in the study. A 20-item questionnaire covering socio-demographic characteristics, dietary practices, oral hygiene practices and importance of deciduous teeth, was distributed to their mothers, during their visit to the hospital. Responses of the mothers were recorded on a Likert Scale. The sample comprised 406 mothers, with the mean age of children being 3.8 years. Three hundred (73.8%) mothers had a good knowledge about diet and dietary practices, while only 110 (27.1%) and 103 (25.4%) mothers were found to have a good knowledge about the importance of oral hygiene practices and importance of deciduous teeth, respectively. Mothers with higher educational qualification and information gained through dentist had a better knowledge about child's oral health. Oral hygiene habits and dietary habits are established during pre-school days and the parents, especially mothers, function as role models for their children.

Sepsis in early infancy results in one million annual deaths worldwide, most of them in developing countries. No efficient means of prevention is currently available. Here we report on a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of an oral synbiotic preparation ( Lactobacillus plantarum plus fructooligosaccharide) in rural Indian newborns. We enrolled 4,556 infants that were at least 2,000 g at birth, at least 35 weeks of gestation, and with no signs of sepsis or other morbidity, and monitored them for 60 days. We show a significant reduction in the primary outcome (combination of sepsis and death) in the treatment arm (risk ratio 0.60, 95% confidence interval 0.48–0.74), with few deaths (4 placebo, 6 synbiotic). Significant reductions were also observed for culture-positive and culture-negative sepsis and lower respiratory tract infections. These findings suggest that a large proportion of neonatal sepsis in developing countries could be effectively prevented using a synbiotic containing L. plantarum ATCC-202195. A synbiotic preparation of Lactobacillus plantarum and fructooligosaccharide was found to significantly reduce sepsis and infections of the lower respiratory tract in a trial involving rural Indian newborns. Reducing sepsis in newborns Neonatal sepsis is a major contributor to infant death rates worldwide. In this paper, the authors carry out a randomized placebo-controlled trial in the Odisha province in India. They administered an orally prescribed synbiotic preparation to newborns in 149 villages. Results from the follow up of 4,556 infants 60 days after treatment show a reduction in cases of combined sepsis and death in the symbiotic-treated group, suggesting that this is a potentially useful intervention.