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Globally, natural hazards have become more destructive in recent times because of rapid urban development and exposure. Consequently, significant human life loss, the damage to property and infrastructure, and the collapse of the environment directed the attention of geoscientists to control the consequences and risk management in relation to geo-hazards. In this research, an effort was made to produce a compound map, geo-visualizing the susceptibility of multi-hazards, to select suitable sites for sustainable future development and other economic activities in the region. Muzaffarabad District was chosen as a case research area due to the high magnitude of hydro-meteorological and geological hazards. On the one hand, both selected geo-hazard inventories were developed using the field survey and remote sensing data. The subjective and objective weight of all the causative factors and their classes were calculated using the assembled geospatial techniques, such as the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Frequency Ratio (FR) in the Geographic Information System (GIS). The results reveal that the most suitable areas are distributed in the southern and northwestern parts, which can be used for future sustainable development and other economic activities. In contrast, the eastern and western regions, including Muzaffarabad City, are within high and very susceptibility zones. Finally, more than 50% of the land area is located in very low and low susceptibility zones. The validation of the proposed model was checked by using three different techniques: the Receiver Operative Characteristic (ROC) curve, Seed Cell Area Index (SCAI), and Frequency Ratio (FR). Both ROCs, the Success Rate Curve (SRC) and the Predictive Rate Curve (PRC), showed the goodness of fit for both the selected geo-hazards: landslides (81.3%) and floods (93.2%), at 80.1% and 91.7%, respectively. All the validation techniques showed good fitness for both the individual and multi-hazard maps. The proposed model sets a baseline for policy implementation for all the stakeholders to minimize the risk and sustainable future development in areas of high frequent geo-hazards.

Google proposed a new TCP congestion control algorithm (CCA), Bottleneck Bandwidth and Round-trip propagation time (BBR) which has opened up new dimensions in congestion control. BBR tries to operate near Kleinrock’s operating point to avoid excessive queue formation at the bottleneck and to use the link bandwidth optimally. BBR creates a model of the network path by measuring the bottleneck bandwidth and minimum round-trip time (RTT) to maximize the delivery rate and minimize latency. BBR v2 is an updated version of BBR which addresses many shortcomings of the original BBR (BBR v1) such as interprotocol fairness, RTT fairness, and excessive retransmissions. However, BBR v2 has certain limitations in its operation in IEEE 802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5) networks. The default BBR v2 limits the throughput of Wi-Fi 5 and an increased latency has been observed. This is because the Wi-Fi 5 frame aggregation logic is underutilized and fewer frames are being sent to the Wi-Fi 5 interface. In this paper, we have proposed BBR-n (BBR new) which provides better throughput than the generic BBR v2 in the Wi-Fi 5 networks. Real-time experiments were performed over a physical testbed using Flent to confirm that BBR-n achieves over double throughput as compared to generic BBR v2 and reduced latency in networks as compared to pure loss-based variants such as Cubic and Reno.

Background Insulin resistance (IR) is one of the major hallmark for pathogenesis and etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). IR is directly interlinked with various inflammatory responses which play crucial role in the development of IR. Inflammatory responses play a crucial role in the pathogenesis and development of IR which is one of the main causative factor for the etiology of T2DM. Methods A comprehensive online English literature was searched using various electronic search databases. Different search terms for pathogenesis of IR, role of various inflammatory responses were used and an advanced search was conducted by combining all the search fields in abstracts, keywords, and titles. Results We summarized the data from the searched articles and found that inflammatory responses activate the production of various pro-inflammatory mediators notably cytokines, chemokines and adipocytokines through the involvement of various transcriptional mediated molecular pathways, oxidative and metabolic stress. Overnutrition is one of the major causative factor that contributes to induce the state of low-grade inflammation due to which accumulation of elevated levels of glucose and/or lipids in blood stream occur that leads to the activation of various transcriptional mediated molecular and metabolic pathways. This results in the induction of various pro-inflammatory mediators that are decisively involved to provoke the pathogenesis of tissue-specific IR by interfering with insulin signaling pathways. Once IR is developed, it increases oxidative stress in β-cells of pancreatic islets and peripheral tissues which impairs insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity in β-cells of pancreatic islets and peripheral tissues, respectively. Moreover, we also summarized the data regarding various treatment strategies of inflammatory responses-induced IR. Conclusions In this article, we have briefly described that how pro-inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress, transcriptional mediated molecular and metabolic pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of tissues-specific IR. Moreover, based on recent investigations, we have also described that to counterfeit these inflammatory responses is one of the best treatment strategy to prevent the pathogenesis of IR through ameliorating the incidences of inflammatory responses.

Effective congestion control on the internet has been a problem since its inception. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), being the most widely used transport layer protocol tries to mitigate it using a variety of congestion control algorithms. Cubic, Reno, and Bottleneck Bandwidth and Round-trip propagation time (BBR) are the most deployed congestion controls. BBR v2 is leading the congestion control race with its superior performance in terms of better throughput and lower latency. Furthermore, Active Queue Management (AQM) algorithms try to mitigate the congestion control at the network layer through active buffer control to avoid bufferbloat. The most efficient congestion control occurs when TCP and AQM work together. Indeed, it is the TCP-AQM algorithm “ Golden pair ” that can result in the most efficient performance. This paper proposes such a novel pair based on our previously tested and published BBR-n (BBR new) with the most effective of the modern AQMs, that completely gels together to provide lower latency in wireless networks based on Wireless N/AC. Real-time experiments were performed using Flent on our physical testbed with BBR-n and modern AQMs such as Fair Queuing (FQ), Constrained Delay (CoDel), Proportional Integral controller Enhanced (PIE), Common Applications Kept Enhanced (Cake) and Flow Queuing Controlled Delay (FQ_CoDel). Various tests done on our physical testbed helped us identify CAKE as the most optimum AQM that fits with our proposed BBR-n while providing optimum throughput and lower latency in 802.11N/AC-based wireless networks.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been used extensively because of its unique thermal and electric properties. Different techniques have been used for the preparation of TiO2 nanofluids which include single-step and two-step methods. In the natural world, TiO2 exists in three different crystalline forms as anatase, brookite, and rutile. Nanoparticles are not used directly in many heat transfer applications, and this provides a major challenge to researchers to advance towards stable nanofluid preparation methods. The primary step involved in the preparation of nanofluid is the production of nano-sized solid particles by using a suitable technique, and then these particles are dispersed into base fluids like oil, water, paraffin oil or ethylene glycol. However, nanofluid can also be prepared directly by using a liquid chemical method or vapor deposition technique (VDT). Nanofluids are mostly used in heat transfer applications and the size and cost of the heat transfer device depend upon the working fluid properties, thus, in the past decade scientists have made great efforts to formulate stable and cost-effective nanofluids with enhanced thermophysical properties. This review focuses on the different synthesis techniques and important physical properties (thermal conductivity and viscosity) that need to be considered very carefully during the preparation of TiO2 nanofluids for desired applications.

Urban Heat Island (UHI) is related to the theory of higher atmosphere and surface temperature taking place in the city area as compared to the nearby rural areas. The study results explain the advantages of green spaces in urban areas. Landsat TM/OLI concept of 1998 and 2017 years was attained from USGS for this work. To find out the land-use and land cover pattern supervised classification, the maximum prospect process is adopted. A total of four classes were mapped for the study area which includes built-up, barren land, vegetation, and water bodies. Effective sensor brightness temperature has been acquired from spectral radiance by using Plank’s reverse function. On the basis of surface emissivity, Normalize Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) classes are used to find out the ultimate temperature of the land surface (LST). The maximum temperature was recorded in the built-up area and barren land of the city and minimum temperatures were noted in areas with a greater cover of vegetation. The presence of UHI temperature is obvious from the land surface temperature views. An increase of 2 °C in surface temperature is recorded in district Lahore during the last two decades. Rise of 2.2 °C and 2.4 °C surface temperature has taken place in Faisalabad and Multan Districts in the last 19 years, respectively. In the establishment of a correlation among the LST, built-up, and vegetation, there is a positive sign present in their relation. With the increase in the built-up area, LST does increase as well. Moreover, with the reduction in vegetation cover, the LST is also raised. The study has revealed that there is a need for proper planning for the durable management of urbanization.

Diabetes mellitus is associated with various types of infections notably skin, mucous membrane, soft tissue, urinary tract, respiratory tract and surgical and/or hospital-associated infections. The reason behind this frequent association with infections is an immunocompromised state of diabetic patient because uncontrolled hyperglycemia impairs overall immunity of diabetic patient via involvement of various mechanistic pathways that lead to the diabetic patient as immunocompromised. There are specific microbes that are associated with each type of infection and their presence indicates specific type of infections. For instance, E. coli and Klebsiella are the most common causative pathogens responsible for the development of urinary tract infections. Diabetic-foot infections commonly occur in diabetic patients. In this article, we have mainly focused on the association of diabetes mellitus with various types of bacterial infections and the pattern of resistance against antimicrobial agents that are frequently used for the treatment of diabetes-associated infections. Moreover, we have also summarized the possible treatment strategies against diabetes-associated infections.

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) convey the major output of information collected from the eye to the brain. Thirty subtypes of RGCs have been identified to date. Here, we analyze 6225 RGCs (average of 5000 genes per cell) from right and left eyes by single-cell RNA-seq and classify them into 40 subtypes using clustering algorithms. We identify additional subtypes and markers, as well as transcription factors predicted to cooperate in specifying RGC subtypes. Zic1, a marker of the right eye-enriched subtype, is validated by immunostaining in situ. Runx1 and Fst, the markers of other subtypes, are validated in purified RGCs by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunostaining. We show the extent of gene expression variability needed for subtype segregation, and we show a hierarchy in diversification from a cell-type population to subtypes. Finally, we present a website for comparing the gene expression of RGC subtypes. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are diverse in cellular function and physiology. This study demonstrates additional RGC heterogeneity using single cell transcriptomic analyses to classify 40 classes of RGCs in early postnatal mice before eye opening.

The current study explores the effectiveness of coconut husk for crystal violet dye sequestration employing a batch experimental setup. Characterization of adsorbent was carried out via FTIR, and SEM techniques and results confirmed the involvement of OMe, COC and hydroxyl functional groups in dye uptake, and the rough, porous nature of adsorbent and after adsorption dye molecules colonized these holes resulting in dye exclusion. Effects of various adsorption parameters such as pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, initial dye concentration, and temperature of solution were studied. Crystal violet adsorption on coconut husk was highly pH-dependent, with maximum removal occurring at basic pH. Maximum removal of dye, i.e., 81%, takes place at optimized conditions. Kinetic data was analyzed by pseudo-first, pseudo-second order and an intra-particle diffusion model. Results showed that the pseudo-second order kinetic model best described adsorption of crystal violet onto coconut husk. Langmuir, Freundlich, and D-R adsorption isotherms were also used to test their appropriateness to experimental data and the Freundlich isotherm fits best to data. Thermodynamic parameters showed that the current process was spontaneous, endothermic in nature with continuous decrease in entropy. Established practice is 79% applicable to tap water and in acidic medium nearly 80% of adsorbent was recovered, confirming the effectiveness and appropriateness of coconut husk for crystal violet dye exclusion from wastewater.