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This article presents a literature review on rainwater usage in buildings in Brazil. It focuses on economic, environmental and social impacts. The legislation related to rainwater harvesting—including the cities that have made such a practice mandatory—was also assessed. The literature review was based on a search strategy that uses protocols to find and select studies about the main subject, i.e., rainwater harvesting in buildings. The protocols were defined as the site to be investigated (buildings), the intervention (rainwater harvesting), and the expected result (influence on the potable water consumption). Despite the variation of water availability in the country, it was concluded that there is a high potential for potable water savings when using rainwater in buildings in Brazil. Finally, it was observed the need for financial investments in experimental research and innovation technologies in order to improve rainwater management.

Applying psychological measures to Human Robot Interaction (HRI) has become increasingly common. Among these, the Social Mindfulness Paradigm (SoMi)has been used to study social mindfulness towards robots through online experiments using vignettes. This line of work indicated that humans do not show prosocial behavior towards robots. However, these findings are potentially confounded in two ways: items in the SoMi task were based on human-human interactions (HHI), not HRI, and experiments did not involve real-life interactions with robots. Addressing these methodological shortcomings, the current studies investigated whether the SoMi task is a valid assessment of social mindfulness in HRI to determine under which conditions, if any, we observe prosocial behavior towards robots. In Study One, participants interacted with a social robot (Cozmo) for three days, with perceived anthropomorphism and social mindfulness assessed before and after the interaction period. In Study Two, participants played the classic version of the SoMi paradigm using revised items matched in value for humans and robots, based on prior evaluations by a separate sample. Prolonged interaction with Cozmo did not increase social mindfulness but increased anthropomorphic perception of the robot. The revised items did not increase social mindfulness in the anthropomorphic condition, but they increased overall social mindfulness compared with previous studies. We conclude that real-life interaction does not necessarily enhance social mindfulness towards robots, that the item selection and their value for both human and robots must be considered, and that future studies should explore other interaction time frames and items.. Further, the increase in perceived anthropomorphism after a period of real-life interaction supports theory on anthropomorphism as a dynamic process. More general, the results stress that the field should carefully test HHI measures to ensure measurement validity before transferring them to HRI and that researchers must consider the context in which HRI occurs for external validity. Our findings also raise new questions for theory on social mindfulness, and support the emerging critique of the widely used Computers Are Social Actors (CASA) theory, which lead to the emergence of psychological measures in the field of HRI.

Coordinated action relies on shared representations between interaction partners: people co-represent actions of others in order to respond appropriately. However, little is known about the social factors that influence shared representations. We investigated whether actions performed by in-group and out-group members are represented differently, and if so, what role perspective-taking plays in this process. White participants performed a joint Simon task with an animated image of a hand with either white or black skin tone. Results of study I demonstrated that actions performed by in-group members were co-represented while actions of out-group members were not. In study II, it was found that participants co-represented actions of out-group members when they had read about an out-group member and to take his perspective prior to the actual experiment. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed.

In joint action literature it is often assumed that acting together is driven by pervasive and automatic process of co-representation, that is, representing the co-actor’s part of the task in addition to one’s own. Much of this research employs joint stimulus-response compatibility tasks varying the stimuli employed or the physical and social relations between participants. In this study we test the robustness of co-representation effects by focusing instead on variation in response modality. Specifically, we implement a mouse-tracking version of a Joint Simon Task in which participants respond by producing continuous movements with a computer mouse rather than pushing discrete buttons. We have three key findings. First, in a replication of an earlier study we show that in a classical individual Simon Task movement trajectories show greater curvature on incongruent trials, paralleling longer response times. Second, this effect largely disappears in a Go-NoGo Simon Task, in which participants respond to only one of the cues and refrain from responding to the other. Third, contrary to previous studies that use button pressing responses, we observe no overall effect in the joint variants of the task. However, we also detect a notable diversity in movement strategies adopted by the participants, with some participants showing the effect on the individual level. Our study casts doubt on the pervasiveness of co-representation, highlights the usefulness of mouse-tracking methodology and emphasizes the need for looking at individual variation in task performance.

Genomic selection (GS) is poised to revolutionize eucalypt tree improvement by shortening breeding cycles and increasing selection intensities. This could be particularly valuable for alternative, non-mainstream Eucalyptus species that are still in the initial stages of breeding. Eucalyptus benthamii is important for its adaptation to frost-prone subtropical regions. In this work, we compared seven genomic prediction models, six Bayesian and one frequentist GBLUP (Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction) with the conventional pedigree-based ABLUP approach. Models were evaluated for their ability to estimate heritabilities and predict wood quality traits (wood density, extractives, lignin, and carbohydrates content) and volume growth in 77 open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus benthamii. We also evaluated predictive abilities and heritabilities using variable numbers of SNP in the models. Heritabilities ranged from 0.09 (extractives content) using Bayesian Lasso (BL) to 0.55 (wood density) using ABLUP. Predictive abilities (PA) ranged from 0.12 (for volume using ABLUP) to 0.44 (for wood density using three Bayesian models). All seven genomic models performed similarly well and better than the pedigree model for all traits, except extractives content. Subsets of 5000–7000 SNPs yielded heritabilities and PAs nearly as large as using all 15,293 SNPs. However, a low-density SNP panel might not be economically and technically advantageous compared to the current high-density multi-species Eucalyptus EUCHIP60k. Our results support a positive outlook to implement GS to accelerate Eucalyptus benthamii breeding for adaptation to frost-prone regions.

[...]processed CA and the mature CA lattice are not needed for virus assembly or release, pointing toward a function of the mature lattice structure during or after virus entry. [...]early schemes of HIV-1 replication assumed rapid and complete disintegration (uncoating) of the CA lattice after membrane fusion with subsequent cytoplasmic conversion of the genomic RNA into double-stranded cDNA in the released reverse transcription complex (RTC) (reviewed in [4]). Rapid uncoating after membrane fusion appeared to be supported by the rapid and complete dissociation of the capsid when the membrane of cell-free virions was stripped by detergent and by the failure to detect cone-shaped objects in the cytosol of infected cells by electron microscopy (EM) (reviewed in [5]). [...]early replication complexes purified from extracts of infected cells contained little or no CA [5]. Adding deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) to this stabilized structure in vitro even allowed complete reverse transcription of the endogenous viral genome and revealed breakage, but not complete disassembly of the lattice, when synthesis of the double-stranded cDNA approached completion [8]. Since IP6 is present in high concentration in the cytosol, these in vitro data clearly indicate that the capsid structure could remain intact for prolonged periods of time after membrane fusion and could support the full process of reverse transcription once dNTPs become available.

Social robots become increasingly human-like in appearance and behaviour. However, a large body of research shows that these robots tend to elicit negative feelings of eeriness, danger, and threat. In the present study, we explored whether and how human-like appearance and mind-attribution contribute to these negative feelings and clarified possible underlying mechanisms. Participants were presented with pictures of mechanical, humanoid, and android robots, and physical anthropomorphism (Studies 1–3), attribution of mind perception of agency and experience (Studies 2 and 3), threat to human–machine distinctiveness, and damage to humans and their identity were assessed for all three robot types. Replicating earlier research, human–machine distinctiveness mediated the influence of anthropomorphic appearance on the perceived damage for humans and their identity, and this mediation was due to anthropomorphic appearance of the robot. Perceived agency and experience did not show similar mediating effects on human–machine distinctiveness, but a positive relation with perceived damage for humans and their identity. Possible explanations are discussed.

Purpose The aim of this study was to find explanatory variables for objective and patient-reported long-term masticatory functioning in patients treated with maxillomandibular fixation for unilateral condylar neck or base fractures. These outcomes were compared to healthy control subjects. Methods Patients treated between 1996 and 2013 were enrolled in the study. Objective measurements included the mixing ability test (MAT) for masticatory performance, and range of motion of the mandible. Patient-reported measurements included the mandibular function impairment questionnaire (MFIQ) for masticatory ability, and the visual analogue scale for pain. Healthy subjects were recruited between October 2018 and January 2019, and performed the MAT and MFIQ. Results Twenty-one patients and 30 healthy subjects were included. The average follow-up period was 11.67 years. In adjusted regression analysis, the amount of occlusal units (OU) was associated with the MAT ( P  = 0.020; R 2  = 0.253) and MFIQ ( P  = 0.001, R 2  = 0.454). The MAT outcome was similar in both groups when correcting for OU ( P  = 0.001; R 2  = 0.201). The MFIQ was inferior in the patient group ( P  = 0.001). Conclusion Long-term masticatory performance was similar in patients with a history of condylar neck or base fracture and healthy subjects; however, masticatory ability was inferior in patients compared to healthy subjects.

Cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging methods reveal the structure of the capsid lattice within intact heterogeneous immature HIV-1 particles. Capsid structure in a mixed immature HIV-1 population Our understanding of immature HIV — the form of the virus leaves the cell — is based on purified components assembled in vitro in a manner thought to mimic the true state. Here John Briggs and colleagues resolve the structure of the protein shell within intact heterogeneous immature HIV-1 particles. Using cryo-electron tomography and sub-tomogram averaging (averaging thousands of aligned sub-volumes containing the same structural unit), the authors determine the structure of the capsid lattice at at 8.8 Å. The structure shows that the arrangement of capsid in immature HIV-1 is very different from that seen in the mature HIV-1 capsid core, and reveals the tertiary and quaternary interactions that mediate HIV-1 assembly. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) assembly proceeds in two stages. First, the 55 kilodalton viral Gag polyprotein assembles into a hexameric protein lattice at the plasma membrane of the infected cell, inducing budding and release of an immature particle. Second, Gag is cleaved by the viral protease, leading to internal rearrangement of the virus into the mature, infectious form 1 . Immature and mature HIV-1 particles are heterogeneous in size and morphology, preventing high-resolution analysis of their protein arrangement in situ by conventional structural biology methods. Here we apply cryo-electron tomography and sub-tomogram averaging methods to resolve the structure of the capsid lattice within intact immature HIV-1 particles at subnanometre resolution, allowing unambiguous positioning of all α-helices. The resulting model reveals tertiary and quaternary structural interactions that mediate HIV-1 assembly. Strikingly, these interactions differ from those predicted by the current model based on in vitro -assembled arrays of Gag-derived proteins from Mason–Pfizer monkey virus 2 . To validate this difference, we solve the structure of the capsid lattice within intact immature Mason–Pfizer monkey virus particles. Comparison with the immature HIV-1 structure reveals that retroviral capsid proteins, while having conserved tertiary structures, adopt different quaternary arrangements during virus assembly. The approach demonstrated here should be applicable to determine structures of other proteins at subnanometre resolution within heterogeneous environments.

Among elderly, the use of serious games steadily increases. Research shows that anthropomorphising digital agents (i.e., ascribing human characteristics to them) has positive short-term consequences on interactions with digital agents. However, whether these effects can also be observed over a long-term period and in a real-life setting is unknown. In two studies, we investigated the important long-term consequences of anthropomorphism among older adults (age > 50) to increase involvement in serious games. Participants read either a story that highly anthropomorphized the digital agent of a training game, or a low anthropomorphism story about that agent. To investigate long-term effect, they played the training game for three weeks, and gaming data was assessed (number of games played, time of playing, points gained). While on the short-term, the anthropomorphic story increased the humanness of the agent (Study 1), no long-term effects where found (Study 2). Furthermore, an anthropomorphic story had no influence on the gaming outcome. Our results inform app developers about which techniques are useful to humanise digital agents.