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The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a widespread pest in Bangladesh. Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) offers a solution for effectively suppressing this fruit fly species. However, SIT involves mass rearing of fruit fly species in a laboratory where a standardized artificial rearing diet is crucial for ensuring uniform growth, development, and reproduction. In this study, we assessed efficacy of a new formulated gel-based meridic larval diet as well as protein and carbohydrate rich adult diets for the rearing of B. dorsalis in laboratory conditions. Proximate analysis was conducted for our formulated rearing diets to determine the content of moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrate, and ash. For our formulated diets, several key biological parameters, including egg hatching rate, pupation rate, pupal weight, adult emergence, adult growth, sex ratio, and flight capacity, were assessed. Statistical analysis using Tukey box plots revealed a significant improvement for the laboratory reared body parameters of adults while maintained in meridic diets, as compared to their wild counterparts. Adults fruit flies reared on our formulated meridic adult diets exhibited sufficient longevity, especially when compared to those provided with only water. In addition, our study presents survival analysis using non-parametric Kaplan–Meier estimator and Weibull parametric model. Our findings indicate that the formulated diets presented in this study can be effectively incorporated into B. dorsalis laboratory mass-rearing, meeting the required standard quality parameters outlined in the FAO/IAEA/USDA mass-rearing guideline of tephritid fruit flies.

The impacts of air pollution on human health have become a major concern, especially with rising greenhouse gas emissions and urban development. This study investigates the molecular mechanisms using the STITCH 4.0 and STRING 9.0 databases to analyze the interaction networks (PCI and PPI) associated with two air pollutants: carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide. The functional and pathway analysis related to these pollutants were performed by OmicsBox v.3.0. Additionally, critical proteins and their essential pathways were also identified by the Cytoscape networking tool v.3.10.3. AutoDock vina was employed to hypothetically determine the direct interactions of CO and H2S with the proteins that were found by STITCH. This study revealed that CO and H2S interacted with the different biological processes related to human health, including erythropoiesis, oxidative stress, energy production, amino acids metabolism, and multiple signaling pathways associated with respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological functions. Six essential proteins were identified based on their degree of centrality, namely, FECH, HMOX1, ALB, CTH, CBS, and CBSL, which regulate various Reactome and KEGG pathways. Molecular docking analysis revealed that CO exhibited a strong interaction with ADI1, demonstrating a binding affinity of −1.9 kcal/mL. Alternately, the binding energy associated with the H2S interaction was notably weak (below −0.9 kcal/mL). This present research highlights the necessity for ongoing investigation into the molecular effects of air pollution to guide public health policies and interventions.

Microplastics (MPs) are significant environmental pollutants that have rapidly garnered public attention due to their widespread presence and harmful effects on ecosystems and human health. While MP pollution in the coastal regions has been widely reported, their potential impacts on public health are still not fully understood. The current study examined MP contamination in nine commercially important fish and shellfish species collected from the coastal waters of Bangladesh, specifically from the Bay of Bengal. MP abundances (fiber, fragment, and microbeads) were evaluated in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and gills of fish and in the whole body of shellfish. Fibers were the most prevalent MP types found across the samples. In the case of gills, the highest abundance of MPs was found in Bombay duck, while the lowest was in pomfret. For GIT samples, hilsa showed the highest MP concentration, whereas the lowest was observed in bombay duck. Moreover, the highest level was observed in crabs, while the lowest was in squid ( < 0.05), likely because crabs are benthic feeders exposed to sediment-bound MPs, whereas squids are pelagic predators with lower exposure and more selective diets. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared research revealed that the major polymer types were polymethyl methacrylate (43.33%), ethylene vinyl acetate (23.33%), nitrile butadiene rubber (1.67%), polypropylene (5%), polycarbonate (3.33%), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (6.67%), nylon (5%), high-density polyethylene (1.67%), polyvinyl chloride (6.67%), and polyurethane (3.33%). MP contamination in fish and shellfish was assessed using contamination factor and pollution load index values, both below 10, indicating low to moderate pollution levels. The polymer hazard index further categorized the identified polymer types into risk levels ranging from low to very high, highlighting potential ecological and health concerns. These results underscore the urgent need for effective environmental management and continuous monitoring to mitigate MP-related risks.

MXene/chitosan (MX/CS) composites have recently garnered significant attention due to their unique properties. This synergistic integration has opened new opportunities for various industrial applications. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in the use of MX/CS composites across multiple sectors, including electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, electrochemical sensing, water treatment, fire-retardant materials, environmental remediation, and energy storage devices such as supercapacitors and batteries. Each application has its own requirements and standards for the chosen building materials. Fortunately, all the divergent requirements can be achieved in MXene (MX) and chitosan (CS) by relatively moderate treatment. The discussion highlights how the unique interactions between MX nanosheets and CS matrices enhance performance characteristics. Despite these advantages, several critical challenges remain, including long-term stability, material scalability, and cost-effective manufacturing processes. This review summarizes recent advancements by identifying key research gaps and aims to guide further innovation in the fields. The potential of MX/CS composites to contribute to sustainable and high-performance industrial solutions is undeniable, provided that existing challenges are met with innovative approaches.

Biomaterials have been developed as a transformative tool in various applications of the modern world. Biomaterials have advanced with time and applications, from structural implants to replacing biological functions in the human body, and so on. This review article provides a detailed examination of the diverse categories of biomaterials, including natural, synthetic, and composite materials. Recent unique properties, advantages, and challenges have been described in the article. Natural biomaterials are known for their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and versatility in healthcare applications. Those are used in different applications such as wound healing, drug delivery, and tissue scaffolding. Synthetic biomaterials are critical for load-bearing applications. Composite biomaterials combine the strengths of individual materials to offer superior mechanical performance and biological functionality. The field of biomaterials is fast-growing sector to meet the demand for personalized medical treatment. Future research will focus on the development of multifunctional biomaterials that integrate healthcare solutions and daily life needs. This review highlights recent advancements, emerging trends, and future directions in biomaterial research that will help in shaping the next generation of biomedical innovations. Graphical Abstract Highlights Comprehensive overview of biomaterials: This review discusses natural, synthetic, and composite biomaterials, detailing their structures, properties, and biomedical applications. Emphasis on biocompatibility and biodegradability: Highlights the critical importance of these properties in the successful integration and functionality of biomaterials within biological systems. Recent advancements in fabrication and surface modification: Explores how techniques such as additive manufacturing and nanoscale surface modifications enhance the performance of biomaterials. Applications across diverse sectors: Describes how biomaterials are used in wound healing, drug delivery, implants, tissue engineering, packaging, pollution control, and more. Challenges in mechanical strength and scalability: Addresses limitations including low mechanical properties, high production costs, and short biological half-life, with proposed solutions. Emergence of smart and multifunctional biomaterials: Discusses the future direction toward bioinspired materials for real-time health monitoring and regenerative medicine. Focus on sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives: Considers the potential of biomaterials to replace synthetic plastics and reduce environmental impact.