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يوميات طفل يقرأ
طفل يبلغ من العمر تسع سنوات، يعيش مع جده الذي تربطه به علاقة قوية، حيث يرعاه الجد ويصطحبه للمدرسة، بل ويقرأ له كل يوم. وكغيره من الأطفال، يتمرد الطفل كاي كاي على جده أحيانا ويتناقشان بود أحيانا، ويغضب كل منهما الآخر أحيانا ويضحكان كثيرا، ويبكيان أيضا معا في هذه الرواية يخوض كاي كاي تجربة ممتعة مع القراءة، فالجد يقرأ له، وهو يقرأ لكلبه الصغير، وتثني عليه معلمته بالصف لبراعته ولباقته ومشاكساته اللطيفة. وهذه الرواية تجمع بين قيمتين كبريين، الأولى هي العلاقات الإنسانية الحميمة بين الأطفال وآبائهم وأجدادهم وأصدقائهم، بل وعلاقاتهم بالحيوانات أيضا، أما القيمة الأخرى فهي القراءة، وتبرز الرواية كيف أن القراءة وسيلة للإمتاع والمعرفة على حد سواء.
Book
Plant Growth and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Soybean Seedlings Under Different LED Lighting Quality Conditions
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have recently been widely used as light sources for the cultivation of plants in controlled environments. However, before LEDs can be used as the sole light source, it is imperative that soybean (Glycine max) response to light quality be well characterized. The objective of the present work was to investigate how soybean seedlings respond to different blue (B) and red (R) photon flux ratios (PFR) using LEDs. Light treatments were comprised of 170 ± 5 μmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density with B:R ratios of 0B:100R%, 10B:90R%, 25B:75R%, 50B:50R%, 80B:20R%, 90B:10R%, and 100B:0R%. Our results suggest that with the increase in B PFR from 0 to 90%, both plant height and specific leaf area inclined to decline while stem diameter gradually increased. The plants exposed to 80B:20R% showed unexpectedly greater total root length, root surface area, root volume, number of root tip, plant dry mass, leaf dry mass, root dry mass, leaf mass fraction and root mass fraction than plants exposed to all other treatments. Plants grown with 0B:100R% had the highest content of chlorophyll b (Chl b) and content of total chlorophyll [Chl (a + b)] but possessed the lowest ratio of the content of chlorophyll a to the content of chlorophyll b (Chl a/b). Plants grown with R alone also showed the lowest chlorophyll fluorescent parameters. The light-saturated CO2 assimilation rate (Asat) and the light-saturated stomatal conductance (gssat) for 0B:100R% were, respectively, 64.85% and 203.23% lower than those for 80B:20R%. However, plants grown with sole R accumulated higher soluble sugar and starch content during the daytime. Collectively, our results suggest that compared to R- or B-LED alone, an appropriate combination of R and B promotes plant growth and photosynthetic performance for soybean.
Journal Article
GmWRKY16 Enhances Drought and Salt Tolerance Through an ABA-Mediated Pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana
The WRKY transcription factors (TFs) are one of the largest families of TFs in plants and play multiple roles in plant development and stress response. In the present study,
encoding a WRKY transcription factor in soybean was functionally characterized in Arabidopsis. GmWRKY16 is a nuclear protein that contains a highly conserved WRKY domain and a C
H
zinc-finger structure, and has the characteristics of transcriptional activation ability, presenting a constitutive expression pattern with relative expression levels of over fourfold in the old leaves, flowers, seeds and roots of soybean. The results of quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that
could be induced by salt, alkali, ABA, drought and PEG-6000. As compared with the control, overexpression of
in Arabidopsis increased the seed germination rate and root growth of seedlings in transgenic lines under higher concentrations of mannitol, NaCl and ABA. In the meantime,
transgenic lines showed over 75% survival rate after rehydration and enhanced Arabidopsis tolerance to salt and drought with higher proline and lower MDA accumulation, less water loss of the detached leaves, and accumulated more endogenous ABA than the control under stress conditions. Further studies showed that
,
, and
were induced in
transgenic plants under NaCl treatment. The expressions of the ABA biosynthesis gene (
), signaling genes (
,
,
, and
), responsive genes (
,
,
, and
) and stress-related marker genes (
, and
) were regulated in transgenic lines under drought stress. In summary, these results suggest that
as a WRKY TF may promote tolerance to drought and salt stresses through an ABA-mediated pathway.
Journal Article
QTL mapping for soybean (Glycine max L.) leaf chlorophyll-content traits in a genotyped RIL population by using RAD-seq based high-density linkage map
Background
Different soybean (
Glycine max
L.) leaf chlorophyll-content traits are considered to be significantly linked to soybean yield. To map the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of soybean leaf chlorophyll-content traits, an advanced recombinant inbred line (RIL, ZH, Zhonghuang 24 × Huaxia 3) population was adopted to phenotypic data acquisitions for the target traits across six distinct environments (seasons and soybean growth stages). Moreover, the restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) based high-density genetic linkage map of the RIL population was utilized for QTL mapping by carrying out the composite interval mapping (CIM) approach.
Results
Correlation analyses showed that most traits were correlated with each other under specific chlorophyll assessing method and were regulated both by hereditary and environmental factors. In this study, 78 QTLs for soybean leaf chlorophyll-content traits were identified. Furthermore, 13 major QTLs and five important QTL hotspots were classified and highlighted from the detected QTLs. Finally,
Glyma01g15506
,
Glyma02g08910
,
Glyma02g11110
,
Glyma07g15960
,
Glyma15g19670
and
Glyma15g19810
were predicted from the genetic intervals of the major QTLs and important QTL hotspots.
Conclusions
The detected QTLs and candidate genes may facilitate to gain a better understanding of the hereditary basis of soybean leaf chlorophyll-content traits and may be valuable to pave the way for the marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding of the target traits.
Journal Article
GsMYB7 encoding a R2R3-type MYB transcription factor enhances the tolerance to aluminum stress in soybean (Glycine max L.)
Background
MYB transcription factor (TF) is one of the largest families of TFs in plants and play essential roles in plant growth and development, and is involved in responses to biological and abiotic stress. However, there are few reports on
GsMYB7
gene in soybean under aluminum acid stress, and its regulatory mechanism remains unclear.
Results
The GsMYB7 protein is localized in the nucleus and has transcriptional activation ability. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results showed that
GsMYB7
held a constitutive expression pattern rich in roots. When AlCl
3
concentration was 25 µM, the total root surface area (SA) of
GsMYB7
transgenic lines were 34.97% higher than that of wild-type Huachun 6 (HC6). While the accumulation of Al
3+
in root tip of transgenic plants after aluminum treatment was 17.39% lower than that of wild-type. RNA-sequencing analysis indicated that over 1181 genes were regulated by
GsMYB7
and aluminum stress. Among all the regulated genes, the expression levels of glutathione peroxidase, protein kinase, cytochrome and other genes in the transgenic lines were significantly higher than those in wild type by acidic aluminum stress. The bioinformatics and qRT-PCR results showed that 9 candidate genes were induced under the treatments of acidic aluminum stress which were indirectly and/or directly regulated by
GsMYB7
. After AlCl
3
treatments, the transcripts of these genes in
GsMYB7
transgenic seedlings were significantly higher than those of wide-type HC6.
Conclusions
The results suggested that
GsMYB7
may enhance soybean tolerance to acidic aluminum stress by regulating the downstream genes.
Journal Article
Impact of intercropping on the coupling between soil microbial community structure, activity, and nutrient-use efficiencies
Sugarcane-soybean intercropping has been widely used to control disease and improve nutrition in the field. However, the response of the soil microbial community diversity and structure to intercropping is not well understood. Since microbial diversity corresponds to soil quality and plant health, a pot experiment was conducted with sugarcane intercropped with soybean. Rhizosphere soil was collected 40 days after sowing, and MiSeq sequencing was utilized to analyze the soil microbial community diversity and composition. Soil columns were used to assess the influence of intercropping on soil microbial activity (soil respiration and carbon-use efficiency: nitrogen-use efficiency ratio). PICRUSt and FUNGuild analysis were conducted to predict microbial functional profiling. Our results showed that intercropping decreased pH by approximately 8.9% and enhanced the soil organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, and available nitrogen (N) by 5.5%, 13.4%, and 10.0%, respectively. These changes in physicochemical properties corresponded to increased microbial diversity and shifts in soil microbial communities. Microbial community correlated significantly ( p < 0.05) with soil respiration rates and nutrient use efficiency. Furthermore, intercropping influenced microbial functions, such as carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes, citrate cycle (TCA cycle) of bacteria and wood saprotrophs of fungi. These overrepresented functions might accelerate nutrient conversion and control phytopathogens in soil.
Journal Article
Transcription Factor GmWRKY142 Confers Cadmium Resistance by Up-Regulating the Cadmium Tolerance 1-Like Genes
Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread pollutant that is toxic to living organisms. Previous studies have identified certain WRKY transcription factors, which confer Cd tolerance in different plant species. In the present study, we have identified 29 Cd-responsive WRKY genes in Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and confirmed that 26 of those GmWRKY genes were up-regulated, while 3 were down-regulated. We have also cloned the novel, positively regulated GmWRKY142 gene from soybean and investigated its regulatory mechanism in Cd tolerance. GmWRKY142 was highly expressed in the root, drastically up-regulated by Cd, localized in the nucleus, and displayed transcriptional activity. The overexpression of GmWRKY142 in Arabidopsis thaliana and soybean hairy roots significantly enhanced Cd tolerance and lead to extensive transcriptional reprogramming of stress-responsive genes. ATCDT1 , GmCDT1-1 , and GmCDT1-2 encoding cadmium tolerance 1 were induced in overexpression lines. Further analysis showed that GmWRKY142 activated the transcription of ATCDT1 , GmCDT1-1 , and GmCDT1-2 by directly binding to the W-box element in their promoters. In addition, the functions of GmCDT1-1 and GmCDT1-2 , responsible for decreasing Cd uptake, were validated by heterologous expression in A. thaliana . Our combined results have determined GmWRKYs to be newly discovered participants in response to Cd stress, and have confirmed that GmWRKY142 directly targets ATCDT1 , GmCDT1-1 , and GmCDT1-2 to decrease Cd uptake and positively regulate Cd tolerance. The GmWRKY142-GmCDT1-1/2 cascade module provides a potential strategy to lower Cd accumulation in soybean.
Journal Article
Overexpression of GmWRKY172 enhances cadmium tolerance in plants and reduces cadmium accumulation in soybean seeds
Cadmium (Cd) stress is a significant threat to soybean production, and enhancing Cd tolerance in soybean is the focus of this study. The WRKY transcription factor family is associated with abiotic stress response processes. In this study, we aimed to identify a Cd-responsive WRKY transcription factor
from soybean and investigate its potential for enhancing Cd tolerance in soybean.
The characterization of
involved analyzing its expression pattern, subcellular localization, and transcriptional activity. To assess the impact of
, transgenic Arabidopsis and soybean plants were generated and examined for their tolerance to Cd and Cd content in shoots. Additionally, transgenic soybean plants were evaluated for Cd translocation and various physiological stress indicators. RNA sequencing was performed to identify the potential biological pathways regulated by GmWRKY172.
was significantly upregulated by Cd stress, highly expressed in leaves and flowers, and localized to the nucleus with transcriptional activity. Transgenic plants overexpressing
showed enhanced Cd tolerance and reduced Cd content in shoots compared to WT. Lower Cd translocation from roots to shoots and seeds was also observed in transgenic soybean. Under Cd stress, transgenic soybean accumulated less malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H
O
) than WT plants, with higher flavonoid and lignin contents, and peroxidase (POD) activity. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that many stress-related pathways were regulated by GmWRKY172 in transgenic soybean, including flavonoid biosynthesis, cell wall synthesis, and peroxidase activity.
Our findings demonstrated that GmWRKY172 enhances Cd tolerance and reduces seed Cd accumulation in soybean by regulating multiple stress-related pathways, and could be a promising candidate for breeding Cd-tolerant and low Cd soybean varieties.
Journal Article
Identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and candidate genes of seed Iron and zinc content in soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr.
Background
Deciphering the hereditary mechanism of seed iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) content in soybean is important and sustainable to address the “hidden hunger” that presently affects approximately 2 billion people worldwide. Therefore, in order to detect genomic regions related to soybean seed Fe and Zn content, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population with 248 lines was assessed in four environments to detect Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) related to soybean seed Fe and Zn content.
Result
Wide variation was found in seed Fe and Zn content in four environments, and genotype, environment, and genotype × environment interactions had significant influences on both the seed Fe and Zn content. A positive correlation was observed between seed Fe content and seed Zn content, and broad-sense heritability (
H
2
) of seed Fe and Zn content were 0.73 and 0.75, respectively. In this study, five QTLs for seed Fe content were detected with 4.57 - 32.71% of phenotypic variation explained (PVE) and logarithm of odds (LOD) scores ranging from 3.60 to 33.79. Five QTLs controlling the seed Zn content were detected, and they individually explained 3.35 to 26.48% of the phenotypic variation, with LOD scores ranging from 3.64 to 20.4. Meanwhile, 409,541 high-quality single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) and 85,102 InDels (except intergenic regions) between two bi-parental lines were identified by whole genome resequencing. A total of 12 candidate genes were reported in one major QTL for seed Fe content and two major QTLs for seed Zn content, with the help of RNA-Seq analysis, gene ontology (GO) enrichment, gene annotation, and bi-parental whole genome sequencing (WGS) data.
Conclusions
Limited studies were performed about microelement of soybean, so these results may play an important role in the biofortification of Fe and Zn and accelerate the development of marker-assisted selection (MAS) for breeding soybeans fortified with iron and zinc.
Journal Article